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. 2022 Dec 16;13:1067652. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1067652

TABLE 3.

Potential pharmacological targets and related inhibitors targeting cholesterol synthesis.

Drug target Notable inhibitors IC50 Development status Corresponding diseases Chemical structure References
HMGCR Mevastatin 1 nM Upgraded to lovastatin Hyperlipemia; Coronary Heart Disease graphic file with name FPHAR_fphar-2022-1067652_wc_tfx35.jpg Glynn et al. (2008)
HMGCR Lovastatin 3.4 nM FDA approved Hypercholesterolemia graphic file with name FPHAR_fphar-2022-1067652_wc_tfx36.jpg Mulder et al. (2015), Zeller and Uvodich, (1988)
HMGCR Pravastatin 5.6 μM FDA approved Cardiovascular Disease graphic file with name FPHAR_fphar-2022-1067652_wc_tfx37.jpg McTavish and Sorkin, (1991)
HMGCR Simvastatin 95.6 μM FDA approved Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertriglyceridemia graphic file with name FPHAR_fphar-2022-1067652_wc_tfx38.jpg Gryn and Hegele, (2015)
HMGCR Fluvastatin 8 nM FDA approved Hypercholesterolemia graphic file with name FPHAR_fphar-2022-1067652_wc_tfx39.jpg Scripture and Pieper, (2001)
HMGCR Rosuvastatin 11 nM FDA approved Hypertriglyceridemia graphic file with name FPHAR_fphar-2022-1067652_wc_tfx40.jpg Davidson, (2004), Olsson et al. (2002)
HMGCR Pitavastatin 5.8 nM FDA approved Dyslipidemia; Hypercholesterolemia graphic file with name FPHAR_fphar-2022-1067652_wc_tfx41.jpg Chan et al. (2019), Hoy, (2017)
HMGCR Atorvastatin 154 nM FDA approved Hypercholesterolemia; Dyslipidemias graphic file with name FPHAR_fphar-2022-1067652_wc_tfx42.jpg Hu et al. (2021b)
HMGCR Cerivastatin 6 nM Withdrawn from the market due to a high risk of rhabdomyolysis Hypercholesterolemia; Dyslipidemia graphic file with name FPHAR_fphar-2022-1067652_wc_tfx43.jpg Bischoff et al. (1997), Furberg and Pitt, (2001)
ACAT1 K-604 (selective) 0.45 μM for ACAT1; 102.85 μM for ACAT2 Phase 2 Completed Atherosclerosis graphic file with name FPHAR_fphar-2022-1067652_wc_tfx44.jpg Ikenoya et al. (2007)
ACAT1 Nevanimibe (selective) 52 nM Discontinued - Phase-II Adrenocortical Carcinoma; Congenital adrenal Hyperplasia; Cushing syndrome graphic file with name FPHAR_fphar-2022-1067652_wc_tfx45.jpg El-Maouche et al. (2020), Long et al. (2020)
ACAT CI 976 0.073 μM preclinical Atherosclerosis; Hyperlipidaemia graphic file with name FPHAR_fphar-2022-1067652_wc_tfx46.jpg Krause et al. (1993)
ACAT Avasimibe (CI-1011) 3.3 μM Discontinued - Phase-III Atherosclerosis; Hyperlipidaemia graphic file with name FPHAR_fphar-2022-1067652_wc_tfx47.jpg Llaverias et al. (2003), Schmidt et al. (2021), Zhou et al. (2022)
ACAT RP-64477 503 nM, in human hepatic (HepG2) phase II Hyperlipidemia graphic file with name FPHAR_fphar-2022-1067652_wc_tfx48.jpg Bello et al. (1996)
ACAT Eflucimibe 39 nM for ACAT1; 110 nM for ACAT2 Phase-II discontinued Atherosclerosis; Hyperlipidemia graphic file with name FPHAR_fphar-2022-1067652_wc_tfx49.jpg Lopez-Farre et al. (2008)
ACAT Cyclandelate 80 μM (Rat hepatic ACAT) Not approved in U.S. or Canada; Approved in Europe Arteriosclerosis graphic file with name FPHAR_fphar-2022-1067652_wc_tfx50.jpg Heffron et al. (1990)