Table 1.
Baseline demographics, clinical and laboratory characteristics of all participants.
| PD do not develop FOG (92) | PD develop FOG (66) | P value | PD (158) | HCs (73) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 60.47 (9.969) | 63.18 (8.709) | 0.104 | 61.06 (9.746) | 60.19 (10.629) | 0.278 |
| Sex (male/female) | 51/41 | 49/17 | 0.016* | 100/58 | 48/25 | 0.717 |
| Education (yr) | 15.34 (3.010) | 15.41 (2.972) | 0.999 | 15.37 (2.985) | 15.60 (3.036) | 0.691 |
| Handed (R/L/Both) | 81/6/5 | 60/3/3 | 0.836 | 141/9/8 | 59/7/7 | 0.215 |
| MOCA | 28.25 (1.860) | 27.51 (1.816) | 0.057 | 27.93 (1.863) | 28.39 (1.204) | 0.238 |
| RBDSQ | 3.56 (2.315) | 4.57 (2.917) | 0.173 | 4.04 (2.654) | 2.83 (2.135) | <0.001* |
| UPSIT | 22.95 (7.716) | 20.06 (10.005) | 0.018* | 21.77 (8.802) | 34.15 (4.240) | <0.001* |
| STAI | 62.31 (17.540) | 67.91 (19.313) | 0.113 | 65.10 (18.868) | 56.67 (13.030) | 0.003* |
| GDS | 1.81 (1.790) | 2.51 (2.439) | 0.035* | 2.17 (2.197) | 1.13 (2.155) | <0.001* |
| QUIP | 0.19 (0.588) | 0.11 (0.375) | 0.846 | 0.15 (0.506) | 0.17 (0.637) | 0.767 |
| H&Y | 1.469 (0.534) | 1.72 (0.452) | 0.019* | 1.56 (0.510) | – | − |
| UPDRS-I | 4.31 (3.075) | 5.11(3.038) | 0.095 | 5.07 (3.594) | − | − |
| UPDRS-II | 3.92 (3.098) | 6.91 (4.267) | <0.001* | 5.35 (3.790) | − | − |
| UPDRS-III | 18.47 (7.634) | 25.36 (10.311) | 0.001* | 20.77 (8.926) | − | − |
| Tremor | 0.46 (0.277) | 0.44 (0.335) | 0.078 | 0.44 (0.300) | − | − |
| PIGD | 0.16 (0.193) | 0.31 (0.235) | <0.001* | 0.21 (0.234) | − | − |
| SCOPA-AUT | 7.34 (4.191) | 9.96 (6.960) | 0.065 | 8.79 (5.756) | − | − |
| Aβ1-42 (e2) | 9.13 (3.061) | 9.06 (3.153) | 0.523 | 9.08 (3.084) | 9.90 (4.426) | 0.395 |
| α-syn (e3) | 1.59 (0.721) | 1.49 (0.555) | 0.259 | 15.40 (6.552) | 15.28 (5.571) | 0.817 |
| t-tau (e2) | 1.71 (0.531) | 1.71 (0.443) | 0.558 | 1.71 (0.496) | 1.821(0.694) | 0.736 |
| p-tau | 14.66 (5.045) | 14.36 (4.453) | 0.625 | 1.44 (0.480) | 1.57 (0.670) | 0.265 |
| t-tau/ Aβ1-42 (e−2) | 19.95 (7.320) | 20.79 (9.411) | 0.633 | 20.27 (8.213) | 19.74 (8.898) | 0.235 |
| p-tau/ Aβ 1-42 (e−3) | 17.00 (6.880) | 17.50 (8.760) | 0.970 | 17.18 (7.676) | 17.18 (8.990) | 0.355 |
| p-tau/t-tau (e−3) | 84.70 (5.570) | 83.40 (6.500) | 0.081 | 84.14 (5.969) | 86.07 (8.757) | 0.013* |
| urate (e2) | 3.06 (0.764) | 3.29 (0.792) | 0.074 | 3.16 (0.779) | 3.21 (0.757) | 0.843 |
| APOE4 | 0.38 (0.577) | 0.36 (0.568) | 0.801 | 0.37 (0.569) | 0.31 (0.507) | 0.469 |
PD Parkinson’s disease, FOG freezing of gait, HCs healthy controls, yrs years, R right, L left, MOCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, RBDSQ Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire, UPSIT University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, STAI State-trait Anxiety Inventory, GDS Geriatric Depression Scale, QUIP Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease, H&Y Hoehn and Yahr Scale, UPDRS I–III Unified Parkinson’s disease Rating Scale Part I–III, PIGD postural instability and gait difficulties, SCOPA-AUT Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease—Autonomic, α-syn α-synuclein.
*P < 0.05.