CpG-NPs activate innate immune cells in vitro. A, Quantification by flow cytometry of the cellular internalization of CpG-NPs by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in vitro (n = 3 biologically independent samples). B, Representative flow cytometry density plot of MHCII and CD86 expression in BMDCs treated with CpG-NPs or CpCCtrl-NPs at 10 nM (red denotes higher cell density). C, Flow cytometry quantification of MHCIIhi CD86+ expression in BMDCs 24 h following CpG-NP or CpCCtrl-NP treatment at 10 nM. Data are mean ± s.e.m. (n = 3). D, Flow cytometry quantification of CD86+ / CD206+ (M1-like to M2-like ratio) 24 h following CpG-NP or CpCCtrl-NP treatment at 10 nM, in CD11b+ F4/80+ cells. Data are mean ± s.e.m. (n = 3). E, Protein analysis of BMDM supernatant, 24 h after treatment with CpG-NPs or CpCCtrl-NPs. Data are mean ± s.e.m (n = 3 samples per group). ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05.