Table 3.
Individual and pooled specificity by serological test method and immunoglobulin class detected.
| IgM | IgG | IgM or IgG | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Method and studies | TN | FP | Specificity (95% CI) | TN | FP | Specificity (95% CI) | TN | FP | Specificity (95% CI) |
| ELISA (n = 94 arms) | |||||||||
| A Cramer (2021) | 241 | 9 | 96.4 (93.3–98.3) | ||||||
| Abdullah Algaissi (2020) | 240 | 10 | 96.0 (92.8–98.1) | 236 | 14 | 94.4 (90.8–96.9) | |||
| Alexander Krüttgen (2020) | 24 | 1 | 96.0 (79.6–99.9) | ||||||
| Angel Guevara (2021) | 49 | 0 | 100 (92.7–100) | ||||||
| Anita S. Iyer (2020) | 1,548 | 0 | 100 (99.8–100) | 1,548 | 0 | 100 (99.8–100) | |||
| Antoine-Reid. T (2020) | 187 | 53 | 77.9 (72.1–83.0) | ||||||
| Archana Thomas (2021) | 300 | 0 | 100 (98.8–100) | ||||||
| Ariel D. Stock (2020) | 79 | 11 | 87.8 (79.2–93.7) | ||||||
| Ayesha Appa (2020) | 246 | 15 | 94.3 (90.7–96.7) | 492 | 30 | 94.3 (91.9–96.1) | |||
| B. Meyer (2020) | 316 | 10 | 96.9 (94.4–98.5) | ||||||
| Bijon Kumar Sil (2021) | 102 | 3 | 97.1 (91.9–99.4) | ||||||
| Bin Lou (2020) | 300 | 0 | 100 (98.8–100) | 300 | 0 | 100 (98.8–100) | |||
| Carleen Klumpp-Thomas (2020) | 111 | 5 | 95.7 (90.2–98.6) | ||||||
| Caturegli. G (2020) | 561 | 7 | 98.8 (97.5–99.5) | ||||||
| Chang Zhou (2020) | 144 | 6 | 96.0 (91.5–98.5) | 150 | 150 | 50.0 (44.2–55.8) | |||
| Christian Wechselberger (2020) | 46 | 13 | 78.0 (65.3–87.7) | ||||||
| Clarence W Chan (2020) | 53 | 0 | 100 (93.3–100) | 57 | 0 | 100 (93.7–100) | |||
| D. S. Y. Ong (2020) | 114 | 2 | 98.3 (93.9–99.8) | ||||||
| Daniel Brigger (2020) | 1,650 | 105 | 94.0 (92.8–95.1) | ||||||
| David M (2020) | 172 | 16 | 91.5 (86.5–95.1) | 188 | 0 | 100 (98.1–100) | |||
| E. Catry (2020) | 100 | 0 | 100 (96.4–100) | ||||||
| Ekasit Kowitdamrong (2020) | 166 | 5 | 97.1 (93.3–99.0) | ||||||
| Eshan U. Patel (2020) | 548 | 14 | 97.5 (95.9–98.6) | ||||||
| Fei Xiang (2020) | 60 | 0 | 100 (94.0–100) | 57 | 3 | 95.0 (86.1–99.0) | |||
| Gang Xu (2020) | 120 | 2 | 98.4 (94.2–99.8) | ||||||
| Giuseppe Vetrugno (2021) | 4,290 | 28 | 99.4 (99.1–99.6) | ||||||
| Gláucia Cota (2020) | 62 | 54 | 53.4 (44.0–62.8) | ||||||
| Hadi M. Yassine (2020) | 318 | 32 | 90.9 (87.3–93.7) | ||||||
| Isabel Montesinos (2020) | 71 | 1 | 98.6 (92.5–100) | ||||||
| Isabelle Piec (2021) | 588 | 20 | 96.7 (95.0–98.0) | ||||||
| Iyer. A S (2020) | 1,546 | 2 | 99.9 (99.5–100) | 1,546 | 2 | 99.9 (99.5–100) | |||
| Jeffrey D. Whitman (2020) | 107 | 1 | 99.1 (94.9–100) | ||||||
| Jialin Xiang (2020) | 37 | 4 | 90.2 (76.9–97.3) | 39 | 2 | 95.1 (83.5–99.4) | |||
| Jira Chansaenroj (2021) | 130 | 0 | 100 (97.2–100) | ||||||
| Joanna Jung (2020) | 36 | 2 | 94.7 (82.3–99.4) | ||||||
| Julien Favresse (2020) | 470 | 2 | 99.6 (98.5–99.9) | ||||||
| Julien Marlet (2020) | 662 | 50 | 93.0 (90.8–94.7) | ||||||
| Justin Manalac (2020) | 35 | 72 | 32.7 (24.0–42.5) | ||||||
| Katherine Bond (2020) | 953 | 356 | 72.8 (70.3–75.2) | ||||||
| Kristin E. Mullins (2021) | 440 | 1 | 99.8 (98.7–100) | ||||||
| Lene H. Harritsh (2021) | 979 | 6 | 99.4 (98.7–99.8) | 1,182 | 14 | 98.8 (98.0–99.4) | 1,273 | 6 | 99.5 (99.0–99.8) |
| Luciano F. Huergo (2021) | 1,019 | 9 | 99.1 (98.3–99.6) | ||||||
| Marc Kovac (2020) | 82 | 34 | 70.7 (61.5–78.8) | ||||||
| Margherita Bruni (2020) | 414 | 22 | 95.0 (92.5–96.8) | ||||||
| Maria Martínez Serrano (2020) | 84 | 0 | 100 (95.7–100) | ||||||
| Marie Tré-Hardy (2020) | 79 | 0 | 100 (95.4–100) | 79 | 2 | 97.5 (91.4–99.7) | |||
| Marzia Nuccetelli (2020) | 82 | 6 | 93.2 (85.7–97.5) | ||||||
| Marzia Nuccetelli (2021) | 118 | 0 | 100 (96.9–100) | ||||||
| Massimo Pieri (2020) | 40 | 0 | 100 (91.2–100) | 80 | 0 | 100 (95.5–100) | |||
| Maximilian Kittel (2020) | 91 | 6 | 93.8 (87.0–97.7) | ||||||
| Melkon G. DomBourian (2020) | 106 | 0 | 100 (96.6–100) | ||||||
| N. Davidson (2020) | 55 | 7 | 259 | 17 | 93.8 (90.3–96.4) | ||||
| Qiang Wang (2020) | 50 | 22 | 69.4 (57.5–79.8) | ||||||
| Reuben McGregor (2020) | 195 | 0 | 100 (98.1–100) | 195 | 0 | 100 (98.1–100) | 113 | 0 | 100 (96.8–100) |
| Sarah E. Turbett (2020) | 1,259 | 9 | 99.3 (98.7–99.7) | ||||||
| Sarah M Hicks (2020) | 182 | 2 | 98.9 (96.1–99.9) | ||||||
| Stefani N. Thomas (2021) | 237 | 0 | 100 (98.5–100) | ||||||
| Suliman A Alharbi (2020) | 63 | 2 | 96.9 (89.3–99.6) | 1 | 4 | 20.0 (0.5–71.6) | |||
| Tania ReginaTozetto-Mendoza (2021) | 92 | 2 | 97.9 (92.5–99.7) | ||||||
| Teodora Djukic (2021) | 66 | 2 | 97.1 (89.8–99.6) | 67 | 1 | 98.5 (92.1–100) | |||
| Teresa Stock da Cunha (2020) | 150 | 2 | 98.7 (95.3–99.8) | 149 | 3 | 98.0 (94.3–99.6) | |||
| Thamir A. Alandijany (2020) | 304 | 5 | 98.4 (96.3–99.5) | ||||||
| Thomas Nicol (2020) | 147 | 5 | 96.7 (92.5–98.9) | ||||||
| Thomas W. McDade (2020) | 13 | 2 | 86.7 (59.5–98.3) | ||||||
| Traugott M (2020) | 97 | 3 | 97.0 (91.5–99.4) | 98 | 2 | 98.0 (93.0–99.8) | 97 | 3 | 97.0 (91.5–99.4) |
| Victoria Indenbaum (2020) | 180 | 0 | 100 (98.0–100) | 318 | 6 | 98.1 (96.0–99.3) | |||
| Wanbing Liu (2020) | 100 | 0 | 100 (96.4–100) | 100 | 0 | 100 (96.4–100) | 100 | 0 | 100 (96.4–100) |
| Zahra Rikhtegaran Tehrani (2020) | 870 | 15 | 98.3 (97.2–99.0) | 591 | 9 | 98.5 (97.2–99.3) | |||
| Brad Poore (2021) | 129 | 0 | 100.0 (97.0–100.0) | ||||||
| Valentina Pecoraro (2021) | 2 | 13 | 13.0 (2.0–40.0) | 2 | 13 | 13.0 (2.0–40.0) | |||
| James Nyagwange (2021) | 515 | 1 | 100.0 (99.0–100.0) | 507 | 9 | 98.0 (97.0–99.0) | |||
| Pan-pan Liu (2021) | 90 | 0 | 100 (96.0–100) | 90 | 0 | 100.0 (96.0–100.0) | 90 | 0 | 100.0 (96.0–100.0) |
| Maryam Ranjbar (2021) | 109 | 3 | 97.0 (92.0–99.0) | 110 | 2 | 98.0 (94.0–100.0) | |||
| Marina Bubonja-Šonje (2021) | 100 | 0 | 100 (96.0–100) | 99 | 1 | 99.0 (95.0–100.0) | |||
| Tom Lutalo (2021) | 90 | 10 | 90.0 (82.0–95.0) | 98 | 2 | 98.0 (93.0–100.0) | 89 | 11 | 89.0 (81.0–94.0) |
| Oskar Ekelund (2021) | 148 | 2 | 99.0 (95.0–100.0) | ||||||
| P. J. Ducrest (2021) | 95 | 3 | 97.0 (91.0–99.0) | ||||||
| Norihito Kaku (2021) | 174 | 0 | 100.0 (98.0–100.0) | ||||||
| David Triest (2021) | 84 | 5 | 94.0 (87.0–98.0) | ||||||
| Maemu P. Gededzha (2021) | 132 | 7 | 95.0 (90.0–98.0) | ||||||
| Robert Needle (2021) | 109 | 2 | 98.0 (94.0–100.0) | ||||||
| Arwa A. Faizo (2021) | 91 | 1 | 99.0 (94.0–100.0) | ||||||
| Rosa Camacho-Sandoval (2021) | 224 | 5 | 98.0 (95.0–99.0) | ||||||
| Theano Lagousi (2021) | 137 | 13 | 91.0 (86.0–95.0) | 146 | 4 | 97.0 (93.0–99.0) | |||
| Adnan Alatoom (2021) | 30 | 0 | 100.0 (88.0–100.0) | ||||||
| Fehintola Ige (2021) | 99 | 0 | 100.0 (96.0–100.0) | ||||||
| Ingrid Sander (2022) | 176 | 7 | 96.0 (92.0–98.0) | ||||||
| Shiji Wu (2022) | 139 | 3 | 98.0 (94.0–100.0) | 138 | 4 | 97.0 (93.0–99.0) | |||
| Vijayalakshmi Nandakumar (2021) | 184 | 8 | 96.0 (92.0–98.0) | ||||||
| Elena Riester (2021) | 9,561 | 14 | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | ||||||
| Ismar A. Rivera-Olivero (2022) | 40 | 0 | 100.0 (91.0–100.0) | ||||||
| Nina Lagerqvist (2021) | 95 | 1 | 99.0 (94.0 to100.0) | ||||||
| Ji Luo (2022) | 1,489 | 1 | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | ||||||
| Suellen Nicholson (2021) | 179 | 30 | 86.0 (80.0–90.0) | ||||||
| Pooled | 7,712 | 138 | 98.0 (98.0–99.0) | 26,510 | 1,219 | 96.0 (95.0–96.0) | 15,059 | 159 | 99.0 (99.0–99.0) |
| LFIA (n = 55 arms) | |||||||||
| A Cramer (2021) | 20 | 0 | 100 (93.2–100) | ||||||
| Chao Huang (2020) | 13 | 1 | 92.9 (66.1–99.8) | ||||||
| Choe JY (2020) | 67 | 12 | 84.8 (75.0 to91.9) | ||||||
| Clarence W (2021) | 165 | 3 | 98.2 (94.9–99.6) | ||||||
| D. S. Y. Ong (2020) | 126 | 3 | 97.7 (93.4–99.5) | ||||||
| Diego O. Andrey (2020) | 44 | 1 | 97.8 (88.2–99.9) | ||||||
| E Tuaillon (2020) | 19 | 1 | 95.0 (75.1–99.9) | 20 | 0 | 100 (83.2–100) | |||
| E. Catry (2020) | 288 | 12 | 96.0 (93.1–97.9) | 396 | 4 | 99.0 (97.5–99.7) | 200 | 0 | 100 (98.2–100) |
| Feng M (2020) | 72 | 5 | 93.5 (85.5–97.9) | 77 | 0 | 100 (95.3–100) | |||
| Francis Stieber (2020) | 75 | 0 | 100 (95.2–100) | ||||||
| Francisco Javier Candel González (2020) | 5 | 0 | 100 (47.8–100) | ||||||
| Giovanni Sotgiu (2020) | 1 | 21 | 45.0 (1.0–22.8) | 16 | 6 | 72.7 (49.8–89.3) | |||
| Giuseppe Vetrugno (2021) | 4,173 | 145 | 96.6 (96.1–97.2) | ||||||
| Gladys VirginiaGuedez-López (2020) | 76 | 19 | 80.0 (70.5–87.5) | 80 | 15 | 84.2 (75.3–90.9) | 34 | 26 | 56.7 (43.2–69.4) |
| Gláucia Cota (2020) | 668 | 28 | 96.0 (94.2–97.3) | ||||||
| Hua Li (2020) | 136 | 3 | 97.8 (93.8–99.6) | 138 | 1 | 99.3 (96.1–100) | 135 | 4 | 97.1 (92.8–99.2) |
| Isabel Montesinos (2020) | 213 | 3 | 98.6 (96.0–99.7) | 213 | 3 | 98.6 (96.0–99.7) | |||
| J. Van Elslande (2020) | 94 | 9 | 91.3 (84.1–95.9) | 101 | 2 | 98.1 (93.2–99.8) | 93 | 10 | 90.3 (82.9–95.2) |
| Jeffrey D. Whitman (2020) | 900 | 56 | 94.1 (92.5–95.5) | 933 | 23 | 97.6 (96.4–98.5) | 1,000 | 0 | 100 (99.6–100) |
| Kathrine McAulay (2020) | 416 | 4 | 99.0 (97.6–99.7) | ||||||
| Klaus Puschel (2021) | 215 | 3 | 98.6 (96–99.7) | ||||||
| Laurent Dortet (2020) | 150 | 0 | 100 (97.6–100) | ||||||
| Linda Hueston (2020) | 2,621 | 8 | 99.7 (99.4–99.9) | 2,607 | 22 | 99.2 (98.7–99.5) | 2,626 | 2 | 99.9 (99.7–100) |
| Lixia Zhang (2020) | 20 | 0 | 100 (83.2–100) | 20 | 0 | 100 (83.2–100) | |||
| Maria Martínez Serrano (2020) | 79 | 5 | 94.0 (86.7–98.0) | 83 | 1 | 98.8 (93.5–100) | |||
| Marta Cancella de Abreu (2020) | 16 | 4 | 80.0 (6.3–94.3) | ||||||
| Maya Moshe (2021) | 500 | 0 | 100 (99.3–100) | 250 | 0 | 100 (98.5–100) | |||
| Morihito Takita (2020) | 38 | 2 | 95.0 (83.1–99.4) | ||||||
| Niko Kohmer (2020) | 19 | 0 | 100 (82.4–100) | ||||||
| Peter Findeisen (2020) | 89 | 3 | 96.7 (90.8–99.3) | ||||||
| Qiang Wang (2020) | 50 | 22 | 69.4 (57.5–79.8) | ||||||
| ROSELLE S. ROBOSA (2020) | 71 | 0 | 100 (94.9–100) | 70 | 1 | 98.6 (92.4–100) | 70 | 1 | 98.6 (92.4–100) |
| Scott J C Pallett (2020) | 286 | 16 | 94.7 (91.5–96.9) | ||||||
| Shun Kaneko (2020) | 100 | 0 | 100 (96.4–100) | 100 | 0 | 100 (96.4–100) | |||
| Silvia Montolio Breva (2021) | 59 | 2 | 96.7 (88.7–99.6) | ||||||
| Thomas Nicol (2020) | 145 | 7 | 95.4 (90.7–98.1) | 147 | 5 | 96.7 (92.5–98.9) | |||
| Tian Wen (2020) | 30 | 0 | 100 (88.4–100) | ||||||
| Vani Maya (2021) | 25 | 0 | 100 (86.3–100) | ||||||
| Won Lee (2020) | 47 | 3 | 94.0 (83.5–98.7) | 49 | 1 | 98.0 (89.4–99.9) | |||
| Yaqing Li (2020) | 291 | 9 | 97.0 (94.4–98.6) | ||||||
| Yunbao Pan (2020) | 8 | 14 | 36.4 (17.2–59.3) | 13 | 9 | 59.1 (36.4–79.3) | 14 | 8 | 63.6 (40.7–82.8) |
| Zahra Rikhtegaran Tehrani (2020) | 275 | 25 | 91.7 (87.9–94.5) | 280 | 20 | 93.3 (89.9–95.9) | 100.0 (48.0–100.0) | ||
| Ziad Daoud (2020) | 363 | 2 | 99.5 (98.0–99.9) | 365 | 0 | 100 (99.0–100) | 97.0 (94.0–99.0) | ||
| Jialin Xiang ((2020)/10) | 13 | 4 | 76.5 (50.1–93.2) | ||||||
| Valentina Pecoraro (2021) | 3 | 12 | 20.0 (4.0–48.0) | 3 | 12 | 20.0 (4.0–48.0) | |||
| Marina Bubonja-Šonje (2021) | 100 | 0 | 100.0 (96.0–100.0) | 100 | 0 | 100.0 (96.0–100.0) | |||
| Bianca A. Trombetta (2021) | 55 | 1 | 98.0 (90.0–100.0) | 56 | 0 | 100.0 (94.0–100.0) | 56 | 0 | 100.0 (94.0–100.0) |
| Oskar Ekelund (2021) | 145 | 5 | 97.0 (92.0–99.0) | ||||||
| Norihito Kaku (2021) | 174 | 0 | 100.0 (98.0–100.0) | 172 | 2 | 99.0 (96.0–100.0) | |||
| Sérgio M. de Almeida (2021) | 37 | 0 | 100.0 (91.0–100.0) | 37 | 0 | 100.0 (91.0–100.0) | 37 | 0 | 100.0 (91.0–100.0) |
| Amedeo De Nicolò (2021) | 75 | 4 | 95.0 (88.0–99.0) | ||||||
| Dennis Souverein (2021) | 218 | 1 | 100.0 (97.0–100.0) | 218 | 1 | 100.0 (97.0–100.0) | 218 | 1 | 100.0 (97.0–100.0) |
| Sophie I. Owen (2021) | 86 | 19 | 82.0 (73.0–89.0) | 97 | 98 | 50.0 (43.0–57.0) | 85 | 20 | 81.0 (72.0–88.0) |
| Shiji Wu (2022) | 142 | 0 | 100.0 (97.0–100.0) | 142 | 0 | 100.0 (97.0–100.0) | |||
| Ismar A. Rivera-Olivero (2022) | 37 | 3 | 93.0 (80.0–98.0) | 40 | 0 | 100.0 (91.0–100.0) | |||
| Pooled | 5,604 | 256 | 96.0 (96.0–97.0) | 6,947 | 225 | 97.0 (96.0–97.0) | 12,141 | 317 | 97.0 (97.0–98.0) |
| CLIA (n = 64 arms) | |||||||||
| Bin Lou (2020) | 298 | 2 | 99.3 (97.6–99.9) | 299 | 1 | 99.7 (98.2–100) | |||
| Dachuan Lin (2020) | 74 | 6 | 92.5 (84.4–97.2) | 78 | 2 | 97.5 (91.3–99.7) | |||
| Wanbing Liu (2020) | 268 | 2 | 99.3 (97.4–99.9) | 81 | 0 | 100 (95.5–100) | |||
| Maria Infantino (2020) | 59 | 5 | 92.2 (82.7–97.4) | 64 | 0 | 100 (94.4–100) | |||
| Shao Lijia (2020) | 50 | 0 | 100 (92.9–100) | 50 | 0 | 100 (92.9–100) | |||
| Fang Hu (2020) | 109 | 1 | 99.1 (95.0–100) | 106 | 4 | 96.4 (91.0–99.0) | 134 | 0 | 100 (97.3–100) |
| Charpentier, C (2020) | 50 | 2 | 96.2 (86.8–99.5) | ||||||
| Jääskeläinen, A J (2020) | 77 | 4 | 95.1 (87.8–98.6) | ||||||
| Ping li (2020) | 126 | 8 | 94 (88.6–97.4) | 133 | 1 | 99.3 (95.9–100) | |||
| Chew, K L (2020) | 163 | 0 | 100 (97.8–100) | ||||||
| Fabrizio Bonelli (2020) | 4,923 | 117 | 97.7 (97.2–98.1) | ||||||
| Narjis Boukli (2020) | 297 | 3 | 99 (97.1–99.8) | ||||||
| Andrew Bryan (2020) | 1,010 | 10 | 99 (98.2–99.5) | ||||||
| MarinaJohnson (2020) | 189 | 5 | 97.4 (94.1–99.2) | ||||||
| Niko Kohmer (2020) | 35 | 0 | 100 (90.0–100) | ||||||
| Z. Huang (2020) | 190 | 4 | 97.9 (94.8–99.4) | ||||||
| Ayesha Appa (2020) | 1,874 | 6 | 99.7 (99.3–99.9) | ||||||
| Chungen Qian (2020) | 946 | 26 | 97.3 (96.1–98.2) | 947 | 25 | 97.4 (96.2–98.3) | 72 | 0 | 100 (95.0–100) |
| Marie Tré-Hardy (2020) | 4 | 0 | 100 (39.8–100) | ||||||
| Isabel Montesinos (2020) | 72 | 0 | 100 (95.0–100) | 72 | 0 | 100 (95.0–100) | |||
| Julien Marlet (2020) | 176 | 2 | 98.9 (96.0–99.9) | ||||||
| Elitza S. Theel (2020) | 297 | 1 | 99.7 (98.1–100) | ||||||
| Massimo Pieri (2020) | 40 | 0 | 100 (91.2–100) | 40 | 0 | 100 (91.2–100) | 374 | 15 | 96.1 (93.7–97.8) |
| Thomas Nicol (2020) | 151 | 1 | 99.3 (96.4–100) | ||||||
| Morihito Takita (2020) | 38 | 2 | 95 (83.1–99.4) | ||||||
| Raymond T (2020) | 234 | 1 | 99.6 (97.7–100) | 233 | 2 | 99.1 (97.0–99.9) | 355 | 35 | 91 (87.7–93.7) |
| Justin Manalac (2020) | 1,236 | 25 | 98 (97.1–98.7) | 55 | 6 | 90.2 (79.8–96.3) | |||
| C. S. Lau (2020) | 978 | 2 | 99.8 (99.3–100) | ||||||
| Yafang Wan (2020) | 371 | 19 | 95.1 (92.5–97.0) | 355 | 35 | 91 (87.7–93.7) | 129 | 1 | 99.2 (95.8–100) |
| E. Catry (2020) | 98 | 2 | 98 (93–99.8) | 100 | 0 | 100 (96.4–100) | |||
| Li-xiang Wu (2020) | 229 | 5 | 97.9 (95.1–99.3) | 219 | 15 | 93.6 (89.6–96.4) | 215 | 19 | 91.9 (87.6–95.0) |
| Jenna Rychert (2020) | 99 | 1 | 99 (94.6–100) | ||||||
| Anja Dörschug (2020) | 189 | 3 | 98.4 (95.5–99.7) | ||||||
| Nan wu (2020) | 34 | 0 | 100 (89.7–100) | 32 | 2 | 94.1 (80.3–99.3) | |||
| Shey-Ying Chen (2020) | 190 | 4 | 97.9 (94.8–99.4) | ||||||
| Xueping Qiu (2020) | 377 | 12 | 96.9 (94.7–98.4) | 377 | 12 | 96.9 (94.7–98.4) | 374 | 15 | 96.1 (93.7–97.8) |
| Hélène Haguet (2021) | 75 | 1 | 98.7 (92.9–100) | 76 | 0 | 100 (95.3–100) | |||
| Huihui Wang (2021) | 94 | 94 | 50 (42.6–57.4) | ||||||
| Rasmus Strand MSc (2021) | 45 | 5 | 90 (78.2–96.7) | 49 | 1 | 98 (89.4–99.9) | |||
| Tania ReginaTozetto-Mendoza (2021) | 92 | 2 | 97.9 (92.5–99.7) | ||||||
| C. S. Lau (2021) | 245 | 3 | 98.8 (96.5–99.7) | ||||||
| Luigi Vimercati (2021) | 2,117 | 272 | 88.6 (87.3–89.9) | 2,341 | 48 | 98 (97.3–98.7) | |||
| Sousuke Kubo (2021) | 1,000 | 0 | 100 (99.6–100) | 1,000 | 0 | 100 (99.6–100) | |||
| Anna Schaffner (2020) | 1,157 | 2 | 99.8 (99.4–100) | ||||||
| N. Davidson (2020) | 130 | 8 | 94.2 (88.9–97.5) | ||||||
| A Cramer (2021) | 25 | 0 | 100 (86.3–100) | ||||||
| Victoria Higgins (2021) | 107 | 0 | 100 (96.6–100) | 214 | 0 | 100 (98.3–100) | 107 | 0 | 100 (96.6–100) |
| Myriam C. Weber (2020) | 2,377 | 9 | 99.6 (99.3–99.8) | 1,192 | 1 | 99.9 (99.5–100) | |||
| Maximilian Kittel (2020) | 188 | 6 | 96.9 (93.4–98.9) | 288 | 3 | 99 (97.0–99.8) | 42 | 0 | 100 (91.6–100) |
| Christian Irsara (2021) | 487 | 2 | 99.6 (98.5–100) | 627 | 2 | 99.7 (98.9–100) | |||
| Yaqing Li (2020) | 204 | 10 | 95.3 (91.6–97.7) | ||||||
| Yuki Nakano (2021) | 125 | 19 | 86.8 (80.2–91.9) | 144 | 0 | 100 (97.5–100) | |||
| Brad Poore (2021) | 129 | 0 | 100.0 (97.0–100.0) | ||||||
| Valentina Pecoraro (2021) | 2 | 13 | 13.0 (2.0–40.0) | 2 | 13 | 13.0 (2.0–40.0) | |||
| Gabriel N Maine (2022) | 302 | 3 | 99.0 (97.0–100.0) | ||||||
| Kotaro Aoki (2021) | 677 | 7 | 99.0 (98.0–100.0) | ||||||
| Marina Bubonja-Šonje (2021) | 99 | 1 | 99.0 (95.0–100.0) | ||||||
| Oskar Ekelund (2021) | 149 | 1 | 99.0 (96.0–100.0) | ||||||
| Lau CS (2021) | 248 | 0 | 100.0 (99.0–100.0) | ||||||
| Maria del Mar Castro (2021) | 59 | 0 | 100.0 (94.0–100.0) | ||||||
| Robert Needle (2021) | 109 | 2 | 98.0 (94.0–100.0) | ||||||
| Adnan Alatoom (2021) | 30 | 0 | 100.0 (88.0–100.0) | ||||||
| Shiji Wu (2022) | 142 | 0 | 100.0 (97.0–100.0) | 142 | 0 | 100.0 (97.0–100.0) | |||
| Vijayalakshmi Nandakumar (2021) | 189 | 3 | 98.0 (96.0–100.0) | ||||||
| Pooled | 6,336 | 403 | 94.0 (93.0–95.0) | 23,686 | 384 | 98.0 (98.0–99.0) | 7,250 | 215 | 97.0 (97.0–97.0) |
Ig, immunoglobulin; TP, true positive; FN, false negative; TN, true negative; FP, false positive; ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; LFIA, lateral flow immunoassay; CLIA, chemiluminescent immunoassay.