Table 2.
Clinical Findings of the 134 Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension Stratified by HIV Status
| Clinical observation | All (n = 134) | PH/HIV+ (n = 47) | PH/HIV− (n = 87) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptoms at Presentation | ||||
| Dyspnoea | 122 (91) | 41 (87) | 81 (93) | .53 |
| Cyanosis | 16 (12) | 5 (11) | 11 (13) | .94 |
| Cough | 78 (58) | 28 (60) | 50 (57) | .97 |
| Fatigue | 116 (87) | 38 (81) | 78 (90) | .36 |
| Dizziness | 47 (35) | 17 (36) | 30 (35) | .98 |
| Syncope | 12 (1) | 7 (15) | 5 (1) | .21 |
| Palpitations | 96 (72) | 36 (77) | 60 (69) | .65 |
| Chest pain | 20 (15) | 13 (28) | 7 (1) | .0098 |
| NYHA Functional Class (n = 134) | ||||
| NYHA FC I/II | 49 (37) | 13 (28) | 36 (41) | .29 |
| NYHA FC III | 54 (40) | 22 (47) | 32 (37) | .51 |
| NYHA FC IV | 30 (22) | 12 (25) | 18 (21) | .81 |
| Karnofsky performance score* | 70 (50–80) | 70 (50–80) | 70 (50–80) | .89 |
| 6MWT distance* | 264 (120–360) | 300 (120–405) | 235 (114–346) | .18 |
| 6MWT <300m | 35 (26) | 4 (1) | 31 (36) | .003 |
| BMI* | 22.5 (19.9–27.9) | 22.8 (19.8–28.4) | 22.4 (19.8–27.1) | .83 |
| Heart rate at rest (beats/min)* | 90 (75–98) | 96 (80–106) | 87 (72–96) | .0160 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg)* | 118 (109–130) | 118 (111–131) | 120 (109–130) | .80 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg)* | 77 (70–85) | 80 (70–85) | 76 (67–85) | .31 |
| Respiratory rate at rest (breaths/min)* | 24 (20–30) | 28 (20–34) | 24 (20–28) | .0374 |
| Pulse oximetry at rest (%)* | 97 (92–98) | 97 (93–99) | 97 (92–98) | .54 |
| Cardiac Auscultation | ||||
| Systolic murmur | 34 (25) | 7 (15) | 27 (31) | .12 |
| Loud P2 | 55 (41) | 27 (57) | 28 (32) | .0179 |
| Electrocardiogram | ||||
| Sinus rhythm | 57 (42) | 19 (40) | 38 (44) | .94 |
| Sinus tachycardia | 23 (17) | 9 (19) | 14 (16) | .90 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 21 (16) | 2 (1) | 19 (22) | .0282 |
| P-pulmonale | 30 (22) | 18 (38) | 12 (14) | .0051 |
| Right ventricular strain pattern | 25 (19) | 13 (28) | 12 (14) | .15 |
| Left ventricular strain pattern | 19 (14) | 8 (1) | 11 (13) | .79 |
| Chest X-Ray | ||||
| Cardiomegaly | 69 (52) | 20 (43) | 49 (56) | .31 |
| Prominent pulmonary arteries | 31 (23) | 11 (23) | 20 (23) | .99 |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| Median LVEF (%)* | 50 (37–66) | 51 (40–65) | 50 (36–66) | .67 |
| Median RVSP (mmHg)* | 56 (47–68) | 56 (47–67) | 56 (47–68) | .70 |
| Median TAPSE (mm)* | 15 (11–19) | 13 (10–16) | 15 (12–22) | .60 |
| Right atrial hypertrophy | 112 (84) | 42 (89) | 70 (80) | .41 |
| Right ventricular hypertrophy | 108 (81) | 41 (87) | 67 (77) | .37 |
| Combined right atrial and right ventricular hypertrophy | 101 (75) | 41 (87) | 60 (60) | .06 |
| TAPSE <15mm | 50 (37) | 22 (47) | 28 (32) | .25 |
| Signs of RHF at baseline | ||||
| Raised JVP | 98 (73) | 38 (81) | 60 (69) | .33 |
| Peripheral edema | 83 (62) | 30 (64) | 53 (61) | .95 |
| Raised JVP or peripheral oedema | 68 (51) | 26 (55) | 42 (48) | .74 |
| Diagnosis of RHF at baseline | 41 (31) | 19 (40) | 22 (25) | .19 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; FC, functional class; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; JVP, jugular venous pressure; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; 6MWT, 6-minute walk test; RHF, right heart failure; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.
NOTES: Data are number (percentage) except for variables with asterisk (*) indicated where they are median (interquartile range); P values based on t test, χ2, or Fisher's exact test where appropriated.