Table 1.
Characteristics of all participants with and without depression.
| Characteristic | Total (n = 1678) | With depression (n = 349) | Without depression (n = 1329) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constipation† | 254 (15.14%) | 98 (28.08%) | 156 (11.74%) | <0.001 |
| Overeating† | 445 (26.52%) | 146 (41.83%) | 299 (22.50%) | <0.001 |
| Age, years∗ | 94.45 ± 9.51 | 98.93 ± 8.02 | 93.3 ± 9.53 | <0.001 |
| Female sex† | 1201 (71.57%) | 298 (85.39%) | 903 (67.95%) | <0.001 |
| Illiteracy† | 1430 (85.2%) | 319 (91.4%) | 981 (73.81%) | <0.001 |
| Smoking† | 94 (5.60%) | 14 (4.01%) | 80 (6.02%) | 0.147 |
| Drinking† | 142 (8.46%) | 19 (5.44%) | 123 (9.26%) | 0.023 |
| Cerebrovascular disease† | 34 (2.03%) | 14 (4.01%) | 20 (1.50%) | 0.003 |
| Visual impairment† | 324 (19.31%) | 91 (26.07%) | 233 (17.53%) | <0.001 |
| Auditory impairment† | 342 (20.38%) | 88 (25.21%) | 254 (19.11%) | 0.012 |
| Dementia† | 277 (16.51%) | 110 (31.52%) | 167 (12.57%) | <0.001 |
| Pain† | 664 (39.57%) | 208 (59.60%) | 456 (34.31%) | <0.001 |
| Outdoor activities >1 h/d† | 617 (36.77%) | 82 (23.50%) | 535 (40.26%) | <0.001 |
| Living alone† | 263 (15.67%) | 58 (16.62%) | 205 (15.43%) | 0.585 |
| Life satisfaction∗ | 22.58 ± 5.65 | 20.455 ± 6.454 | 23.132 ± 5.282 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2)∗ | 19.57 ± 3.87 | 18.54 ± 4.18 | 19.79 ± 3.77 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg)∗ | 150.24 ± 24.75 | 151.148 ± 25.468 | 150.008 ± 24.571 | 0.455 |
| DBP (mmHg)∗ | 78.37 ± 22.05 | 77.372 ± 13.543 | 78.633 ± 23.754 | 0.354 |
| TC (mg/dL)∗ | 4.86 ± 1.07 | 4.68 ± 1.02 | 4.91 ± 1.08 | 0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL)∗ | 1.21 ± 0.64 | 1.14 ± 0.657 | 1.23 ± 0.639 | 0.025 |
| GLU (mmol/L)∗ | 4.99 ± 1.94 | 5.132 ± 1.597 | 4.959 ± 2.014 | 0.156 |
| Vitamin D3 (ng/mL)∗ | 24.56 ± 9.58 | 22.32 ± 8.8 | 25.16 ± 9.7 | <0.001 |
Notes: ∗ Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. †Data are presented as number (percentage).
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; GLU, glucose.