Table 2.
Descriptive statistics of demographics and confounders vs. pain treatment
| Variable | Multimodal (MMA) | Opioid-based | p value a |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 762 | n = 383 | n = 379 | |
| Age, year, median (IQR) | 64 (57–71) | 66 (59–72) | 0.095 |
| Sex, female, N (%) | 115 (30%) | 78 (20.6%) | 0.0035 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.2 (26.1–33.3) | 27.7 (25.0–31.7) | 0.0006 |
| Race/Ethnicity, N (Col.%) | |||
| Caucasian | 227 (59%) | 260 (69%) | 0.0017 b |
| Other | 156 (41%) | 119 (31%) | |
| African American | 124 (32%) | 54 (14%) | |
| Hispanic | 6 (1.6%) | 10 (2.6%) | |
| Asian | 16 (4.2%) | 39 (10%) | |
| Other/unknown | 10 (2.6%) | 3 (0.8%) | |
| Caucasian and Asian | 243 (63.5%) | 299 (79%) | |
| Other | 140 (36.5%) | 80 (21%) | < 0.0001 b |
| STS risk-adjusted outcomes | |||
| Prolonged postop ventilation | 0.063 (0.038–0.10) | 0.047 (0.030–0.077) | < 0.0001 |
| Operative Morbidity/mortality | 0.101 (0.065–0.16) | 0.076 (0.053–0.12) | < 0.0001 |
| Operative mortality | 0.012 (0.0064–0.022) | 0.0094 (0.0055–0.017) | 0.0008 |
| Surgery type, N (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| CABG | 261 (68%) | 318 (84%) | |
| Valve | 81 (21%) | 36 (9.5%) | |
| Both | 41 (11%) | 25 (6.6%) | |
| Psychotropicsc | 0.048 | ||
| No | 332 (87%) | 308 (81%) | |
| Yes | 51 (13%) | 71 (19%) | |
| # of adjuncts, N (Col. %)d | < 0.0001 | ||
| 0 | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (0.3%) | |
| 1 | 13 (3.4%) | 311 (82%) | |
| 2 | 44 (11.5%) | 60 (16%) | |
| 3 | 296 (77%) | 7 (1.8%) | |
| 4 | 29 (7.6%) | 0 (0.0%) |
BMI Body Mass Index, CABG Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery, STS Society of Thoracic Surgeons
aMann–Whitney U Test, nonparametric equivalent to the t-test for continuous confounders. Fisher Exact Test for 2 × 2 tables or Chi-Square Test for n × 2 tables for categorical confounders
bp = 0.0017 with Asians grouped with “Other”; p < 0.0001 with Asians grouped with Caucasian
cPsychotropics: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, tricyclic antidepressants, or benzodiazepines
dAPAP, lidocaine, gabapentinoid or ketorolac. 0–1 adjuncts combined for analysis purposes