Table 1.
Characteristics at Inclusion of 142-Patient Cohort Whose Sera Were Used in Ex Vivo Endothelial Cell Stimulation Assays
| Variable | Total Cohort (N = 142) | Non–COVID-19 (n = 43) | COVID-19 (n = 99) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr, mean ± SD | 58 ± 16 | 59 ± 16 | 55 ± 19 | 0.24 |
| Male, n (%) | 88 (62) | 28 (65) | 60 (60.6) | 0.7 |
| Duration of symptoms before admission, d | 6.6 ± 7 | 5.3 ± 9.6 | 7.2 ± 5.3 | 0.14 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
| White | 17 (12) | 11 (25.6) | 6 (6.1) | 0.005 |
| Black or African American | 17 (12) | 10 (23.3) | 7 (7.1) | 0.01 |
| Hispanic/Latino | 71 (50) | 12 (28) | 59 (59.6) | 0.0009 |
| Asian | 19 (13.4) | 4 (9.3) | 15 (15.1) | 0.43 |
| Native American | 1 (0.7) | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0) | 0.3 |
| Other/not reported | 17 (12) | 5 (11.6) | 12 (12.1) | 0.99 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Obesity | 49 (34.5) | 10 (23.3) | 39 (39.4) | 0.08 |
| Diabetes | 41 (28.9) | 9 (20.9) | 32 (32.3) | 0.23 |
| COPD/asthma/CRD | 16 (11.3) | 9 (20.9) | 7 (7.1) | 0.02 |
| CKD | 14 (9.8) | 3 (7) | 11 (11.1) | 0.55 |
| CAD/CHF | 15 (10.6) | 6 (14) | 9 (9.1) | 0.38 |
| Stroke | 8 (5.6) | 6 (14) | 2 (2) | 0.009 |
| Liver disease | 12 (8.4) | 6 (14) | 6 (6) | 0.18 |
| HIV/AIDS | 6 (4.2) | 5 (11.6) | 1 (1) | 0.009 |
| Cancer | 13 (9.1) | 5 (11.6) | 8 (8.1) | 0.53 |
| Admission on Day 1, n (%) | ||||
| ED only/outpatient: mild | 42 (29.6) | 14 (32.6) | 28 (28.3) | 0.55 |
| Floor: moderate | 60 (43.7) | 19 (44.2) | 41 (43.4) | 0.85 |
| ICU: critical | 40 (26.7) | 10 (23.3) | 30 (28.3) | 0.42 |
| Respiratory support on Day 1, n (%) | ||||
| None | 61 (43) | 22 (51.2) | 39 (39.4) | 0.2 |
| NC/NRB | 48 (33.8) | 15 (34.8) | 33 (33.3) | 0.84 |
| HFNC | 18 (12.7) | 3 (7) | 15 (15.1) | 0.27 |
| CPAP/BiPAP | 1 (0.7) | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0) | 0.3 |
| Intubated | 14 (9.9) | 2 (4.7) | 12 (12.1) | 0.23 |
| Severity-of-illness scores | ||||
| SOFA score, mean ± SD | 1.8 ± 3 | 0.9 ± 1.2 | 2.4 ± 3.4 | 0.01 |
| Respiratory SOFA score, mean ± SD | 0.63 ± 1.1 | 0.21 ± 0.47 | 0.82 ± 1.2 | 0.02 |
| Diagnosis at admission, n (%) | ||||
| COVID-19 | 99 (69.7) | 0 (0) | 99 (100) | NA |
| Sepsis (of origin) | 18 (12.7) | 18 (41.8) | 0 (0) | NA |
| Pneumonia/URI | 12 (8.4) | 12 (27.9) | 0 (0) | NA |
| UTI | 1 (0.7) | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0) | NA |
| SSTI | 2 (1.4) | 2 (4.7) | 0 (0) | NA |
| Other/not reported | 3 (2.1) | 3 (7) | 0 (0) | NA |
| Asthma/COPD exacerbation | 6 (4.2) | 6 (14) | 0 (0) | NA |
| Heart failure | 8 (5.6) | 8 (18.6) | 0 (0) | NA |
| Pulmonary embolism | 1 (0.7) | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0) | NA |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms | 4 (2.8) | 4 (9.3) | 0 (0) | NA |
| Other/not reported | 6 (4.2) | 6 (14) | 0 (0) | NA |
Definition of abbreviations: BiPAP = bilevel positive airway pressure; CAD = coronary artery disease; CHF = chronic heart failure; CKD = chronic kidney disease; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease; CPAP = continuous positive airway pressure; CRD = chronic respiratory disease; ED = emergency department; HFNC = high-flow nasal cannula; NA = not applicable; NC = nasal cannula; NRB = non-rebreather mask; SOFA = Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; SSTI = skin and soft tissue infections; URI = upper respiratory infection; UTI = urinary tract infection.