Table 1.
Optical Imaging Technologies for Noninvasive Optical Skin Biopsy: Key Parameters
| Optical Imaging System/Key Parameters | MultiBeam OCT (VivoSight) | RCM (VivaScope) | MPM (MPTflex) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contrast | Scattering | Scattering | TPEF/SHG |
| Lateral spatial resolution | <7.5 μm | ~1 μm | <1 μm |
| Axial spatial resolution | <5 μm | <2 μm | <2 μm |
| Imaging depth | <2 μm | <250 μm | <250 μm |
| Imaging FOV | 6 × 6 mm2 | 500 × 500 μm2 (single image) up to 8 × 8 mm2 (tiling)1 | 250 × 250 μm2 (single image) |
| Imaging time per unit area | 0.02 s/mm2 | 0.5 s/mm2 | 96 s/mm2 |
| Estimated total imaging time | few seconds | Tens of seconds to a few minutes | 10–20 minutes |
| Key performance features | Deep penetration Large FOV | Subcellular resolution + large FOV | Submicron resolution Molecular contrast |
| Limitations | Low spatial resolution No molecular contrast | No molecular contrast | Limited FOV |
| Clinical value for skin imaging | 3D macroscopic view of the lesion morphology | Macroscopic view of the lesion morphology with subcellular resolution | Selective visualization of the cellular and extracellular matrix with submicron resolution |
| Morphological features visualized in BCC, recurrent nevi, and melanoma | BCC nests Overall 3D delineation of lesions | BCC nests, dendritic and immune cells, melanocytes, and overall cellular and fibrillar structure | Cellular-resolved BCC and nevus cell nests, dendritic and immune cells, melanocytes, and collagen and elastin fibers |
Abbreviations: 3D, three-dimensional; BCC, basal cell carcinoma; CPT, Current Procedural Terminology; FOV, field ofview; MPM, multiphoton microscopy; OCT, optical coherence tomography; RCM, reflectance confocal microscopy; SHG, second harmonic generation; TPEF, two-photon excited fluorescence.
1
The handheld version of the RCM clinical device (VivaScope 3000) can scan a larger area, but it is not currently covered by the CPT I codes.