Table.

Individual Risk-Enhancing Factors

Risk Enhancers	Example or Description Qualifying as Risk Enhancer
Race/ethnicity with elevated ASCVD risk	South Asian ancestry (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka)72
Family history of premature ASCVD	Males <55 yr; females <65 yr
Medical conditions
Chronic kidney disease	Stages 2–4
Chronic inflammatory diseases	Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematous, psoriasis, human immunodeficiency virus
Metabolic syndrome	At least three of the following: abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and low HDL-C
Premature menopause	< 40 yr
Pregnancy conditions	Preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus22
Primary hypercholesteremia	LDL-C 160–189 mg/dL or non-HDL-C 190–219 mg/dL
Primary hypertriglyceridemia	Non fasting ≥ 175 mg/dL
Biomarkers
Elevated Lp(a)	≥ 50 mg/dL
Elevated apoB	≥ 130 mg/dL
Elevated hsCRP	≥ 2.0 mg/L
Abnormal ABI	< 0.9

Adapted from Grundy et al. (2019). Abbreviations: ABI, ankle brachial index; apoB, apolipoprotein B; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein;LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; Lp(a), lipoprotein(a).