Table 3.

Means, SDs, sample sizes, and time range for each troll group comparison with American controls by Issue and Affective polarization components. The table consists of t statistics, degrees of freedom, and Cohen's d’. All the t tests are significant at P < 0.005.

	Trolls		American control
	Mean (SD)	N	Mean (SD)	N	Date range	t	df	Cohen's d
Issue polarization
Russia	0.51 (2.35)	61,413	0.10 (1.00)	516,525	2016–11–23–2018–05–30	42.68	64,104	0.34
Iran	0.33 (1.70)	220,628	0.11 (1.08)	929,908	2016–11–23–2018–11–28	58.55	264,182	0.18
Venezuela	0.39 (1.99)	30,987	0.11 (1.07)	953,197	2016–11–23–2018–12–07	24.59	31,575	0.25
Affective polarization
Russia	1.86 (4.62)	61,413	1.37 (5.24)	516,525	2016–11–23–2018–05–30	24.53	81,500	0.09
Iran	1.82 (4.29)	220,628	1.34 (5.14)	929,908	2016–11–23–2018–11–28	44.69	386,294	0.09
Venezuela	1.41 (4.19)	30,987	1.34 (5.14)	953,197	2016–11–23–2018–12–07	2.84	34,087	0.01