Appendix Figure.

Study flow diagram.

EHR = electronic health record; PCP = primary care provider; PPACT = Pain Program for Active Coping and Training.

* Patients could decline to participate at any point in the screening process, including before the telephone eligibility interview; therefore, participants who declined to participate were not necessarily eligible.

† Too physically impaired to attend or unavailable because of condition (e.g., hospitalization or dialysis) or planned medical procedure (e.g., surgery).