Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients in the PPACT Study
| Characteristic | All Patients (n = 850) | Intervention (n = 433) | Usual Care (n = 417) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Mean age (SD), y | 60.3 (12.2) | 61.4 (11.9) | 59.2 (12.4) |
| Sex, n (%) | |||
| Women | 573 (67.4) | 287 (66.3) | 286 (68.6) |
| Men | 277 (32.6) | 146 (33.7) | 131 (31.4) |
| Race, n (%) | |||
| White | 651 (76.6) | 334 (77.1) | 317 (76.0) |
| Black or African American | 110 (12.9) | 55 (12.7) | 55 (13.2) |
| Other | 89 (10.5) | 44 (10.2) | 45 (10.8) |
| Hispanic ethnicity, n (%) | 28 (3.3) | 16 (3.7) | 12 (2.9) |
| Receives disability benefits, n (%)* | 215 (25.3) | 105 (24.3) | 110 (26.4) |
| Current smoking, n (%)* | 137 (16.2) | 62 (14.4) | 75 (18.1) |
| Mean BMI (SD), kg/m2† | 32.8 (8.9) | 32.9 (9.1) | 32.7 (8.6) |
| Alcohol misuse (history and/or current), n (%)* | 37 (4.4) | 19 (4.4) | 18 (4.3) |
| Drug misuse (history and/or current), n (%)* | 44 (5.2) | 25 (5.8) | 19 (4.6) |
| Chronic comorbid conditions, n (%)* | |||
| Diabetes | 202 (23.8) | 110 (25.4) | 92 (22.1) |
| Cardiovascular disorder | 198 (23.3) | 102 (23.6) | 96 (23.0) |
| Hypertension | 414 (48.7) | 220 (50.8) | 194 (46.5) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 175 (20.6) | 84 (19.4) | 91 (21.8) |
| ≥2 of above chronic comorbid conditions | 304 (35.8) | 148 (34.2) | 156 (37.4) |
| Mental health comorbid conditions, n (%)* | |||
| Any mental health diagnosis | 374 (44.0) | 183 (42.3) | 191 (45.8) |
| Anxiety | 189 (22.2) | 86 (19.9) | 103 (24.7) |
| Depression | 306 (36.0) | 157 (36.3) | 149 (35.7) |
| Other mental health diagnoses | 42 (4.9) | 19 (4.4) | 23 (5.5) |
| Median nonmalignantchronic pain types (IQR), n‡ | 4.0 (3.0–5.0) | 4.0 (3.0–5.0) | 4.0 (3.0–5.0) |
| Nonmalignant chronic pain types, n (%)‡ | |||
| Limb/extremity pain, joint pain, and arthritic disorders | 689 (81.1) | 348 (80.4) | 341 (81.8) |
| Back and neck pain | 627 (73.8) | 318 (73.4) | 309 (74.1) |
| General and widespread pain | 593 (69.8) | 307 (70.9) | 286 (68.6) |
| Abdominal and bowel pain | 237 (27.9) | 116 (26.8) | 121 (29.0) |
| Neuropathy | 209 (24.6) | 118 (27.3) | 91 (21.8) |
| Other painful conditions | 207 (24.4) | 104 (24.0) | 103 (24.7) |
| Fibromyalgia | 188 (22.1) | 90 (20.8) | 98 (23.5) |
| Musculoskeletal chest pain | 173 (20.4) | 79 (18.2) | 94 (22.5) |
| Headache | 184 (21.7) | 94 (21.7) | 90 (21.6) |
| Urogenital, pelvic, and menstrual pain | 65 (7.7) | 30 (6.9) | 35 (8.4) |
| Orofacial, ear, and temporomandibular disorder pain | 34 (4.0) | 18 (4.2) | 16 (3.8) |
| Median average daily dose of opioids (IQR), MME* | 29.6 (16.0–62.0) | 28.5 (16.0–53.2) | 30.8 (16.0–75.1) |
| Average daily dose of opioids ≥90 MME, n (%)* | 155 (18.2) | 67 (15.5) | 88 (21.1) |
| Benzodiazepine receipt, n (%)* | 227 (26.7) | 114 (26.3) | 113 (27.1) |
| High user of primary care services (≥12 contacts in 3-mo period), n (%)§ | 42 (4.9) | 20 (4.6) | 22 (5.3) |
BMI = body mass index; IQR = interquartile range; MME = morphine milligram equivalents; PPACT = Pain Program for Active Coping and Training.
Assessed for 180 d before randomization.
All patients, n = 841; intervention, n = 429; usual care, n = 412.
Assessed for 360 d before randomization. Pain types include limb/extremity pain, joint pain, and arthritic disorders; back and neck pain; general and widespread pain; abdominal and bowel pain; neuropathy; other painful conditions; fibromyalgia; musculoskeletal chest pain; headache; urogenital, pelvic, and menstrual pain; and orofacial, ear, and temporomandibular disorder pain.
Assessed for 90 d before randomization; primary care services include in-person, telephone, and e-mail encounters.