Table 5.

Estimated Differences in Change in Binary Outcomes for CBT Versus Usual Care From Baseline to Posttreatment Assessment and Posttreatment Assessment to 12-Month Follow-up^*

Outcome	Baseline to Posttreatment Assessment†		Posttreatment Assessmentto 12 Months		Baseline to 12 Months
	Within-Group Change (95% CI)	Relative Difference Between Groups (95% CI)	Within-Group Change (95% CI)	Relative Difference Between Groups (95% CI)	Within-Group Change (95% CI)	Relative Difference Between Groups (95% CI)
Benzodiazepine receipt (n = 106 clusters, 848 participants, 4081 observations)
Usual Care	0.009 (−0.018 to 0.036)	-	−0.001<0 (−0.031 to 0.031)	-	0.009 (−0.023 to 0.040)	-
CBT	−0.017 (−0.044 to 0.010)	−0.026 (−0.065 to 0.012)	−0.029 (−0.057 to 0>−0.001)	−0.028 (−0.070 to 0.014)	−0.046 (−0.077 to −0.015)	−0.055 (−0.099 to −0.011)
Continued long-term opioid therapy (n = 106 clusters, 848 participants, 4081 observations)
Usual Care	−0.045 (−0.083 to −0.007)	-	−0.039 (−0.081 to 0.003)	-	−0.085 (−0.129 to −0.041)	-
CBT	−0.067 (−0.106 to −0.029)	−0.022 (−0.075 to 0.031)	−0.028 (−0.070 to 0.014)	0.012 (−0.047 to 0.071)	−0.095 (−0.139 to −0.052)	−0.010 (−0.072 to 0.051)
Average daily dose of opioids ≥90 MME (n = 106 clusters, 848 participants, 4081 observations)
Usual Care	0.013 (−0.008 to 0.034)	-	−0.025 (−0.050 to <0.001)	-	−0.012 (−0.039 to 0.014)	-
CBT	0.003 (−0.016 to 0.022)	−0.010 (−0.038 to 0.018)	−0.033 (−0.055 to −0.010)	−0.008 (−0.041 to 0.026)	−0.030 (−0.053 to −0.007)	−0.018 (−0.053 to 0.017)

CBT = cognitive behavioral therapy; MME = morphine milligram equivalents.

^*Analyses based on 3-level, piecewise logistic mixed models. Negative values (i.e., lower or decreased) indicate improvement or advantage on the specified variable.

^†Posttreatment assessment is at 3 mo for all medication outcomes.