Table 5.
Estimated Differences in Change in Binary Outcomes for CBT Versus Usual Care From Baseline to Posttreatment Assessment and Posttreatment Assessment to 12-Month Follow-up*
| Outcome | Baseline to Posttreatment Assessment† |
Posttreatment Assessmentto 12 Months |
Baseline to 12 Months |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Within-Group Change (95% CI) | Relative Difference Between Groups (95% CI) | Within-Group Change (95% CI) | Relative Difference Between Groups (95% CI) | Within-Group Change (95% CI) | Relative Difference Between Groups (95% CI) | |
|
| ||||||
| Benzodiazepine receipt (n = 106 clusters, 848 participants, 4081 observations) | ||||||
| Usual Care | 0.009 (−0.018 to 0.036) | - | −0.001<0 (−0.031 to 0.031) | - | 0.009 (−0.023 to 0.040) | - |
| CBT | −0.017 (−0.044 to 0.010) | −0.026 (−0.065 to 0.012) | −0.029 (−0.057 to 0>−0.001) | −0.028 (−0.070 to 0.014) | −0.046 (−0.077 to −0.015) | −0.055 (−0.099 to −0.011) |
| Continued long-term opioid therapy (n = 106 clusters, 848 participants, 4081 observations) | ||||||
| Usual Care | −0.045 (−0.083 to −0.007) | - | −0.039 (−0.081 to 0.003) | - | −0.085 (−0.129 to −0.041) | - |
| CBT | −0.067 (−0.106 to −0.029) | −0.022 (−0.075 to 0.031) | −0.028 (−0.070 to 0.014) | 0.012 (−0.047 to 0.071) | −0.095 (−0.139 to −0.052) | −0.010 (−0.072 to 0.051) |
| Average daily dose of opioids ≥90 MME (n = 106 clusters, 848 participants, 4081 observations) | ||||||
| Usual Care | 0.013 (−0.008 to 0.034) | - | −0.025 (−0.050 to <0.001) | - | −0.012 (−0.039 to 0.014) | - |
| CBT | 0.003 (−0.016 to 0.022) | −0.010 (−0.038 to 0.018) | −0.033 (−0.055 to −0.010) | −0.008 (−0.041 to 0.026) | −0.030 (−0.053 to −0.007) | −0.018 (−0.053 to 0.017) |
CBT = cognitive behavioral therapy; MME = morphine milligram equivalents.
*
Analyses based on 3-level, piecewise logistic mixed models. Negative values (i.e., lower or decreased) indicate improvement or advantage on the specified variable.
†
Posttreatment assessment is at 3 mo for all medication outcomes.