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. 2022 Dec 16;13:1065608. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1065608

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Copyright © 2022 Liang, Wu, Wang, Sun, Chen, Hu, Liu and Xing.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Emerging bacteria species and functional pathways involved in the protection of IBD. In addition to the well-known mechanisms, emerging bacteria species and functional molecules/pathways identified recently possess the potential to protect hosts from IBD. The mode of action includes the bacterial own component interacting with receptors on IECs and immune cells with the participation of Treg, DC and macrophage. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Retinoic acid (RA), NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), Dendritic cell (DC), α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR).