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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Dec 30.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Dev Biol. 2021;14:1–17.

Figure 2. Intracellular actions of metformin.

Figure 2.

Metformin enters the cell via organic cation transporters (OCT). Following entry, the cellular redox status results in phosphorylation of AMPK by intracellular kinases LKB/ATM/ STK11. Reduced ATP production by metformin-mediated Complex I inhibition in mitochondria also results in activation of AMPK via increased AMP:ATP ration. Activation of AMPK reduces anabolism in cells via downstream targets, ultimately inhibiting cell growth. Created with Biorender.com