Table 5. History and physical examination of COVID-19 myocardial injury patients.
COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; ULN: upper limit of normal; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; ASD: atrial septal defect
| Variable | Normal troponin | Elevated troponin (troponin >ULN) | P-value |
| N = 132 | N = 85 | ||
| Age | 63 (50-77) | 79 (63-85) | 0.000 |
| Male sex | 70 (53.4%) | 45 (52.8%) | 0.935 |
| Body mass index | 29.1 (25-35.5) | 27 (23.5-32.2) | 0.033 |
| Race | |||
| White | 42 (40.7%) | 38 (60.3%) | |
| Black | 19 (18.4%) | 15 (25.3%) | 0.86 |
| Hispanic | 33 (32%) | 5 (7.9%) | 0.001 |
| Asian | 9 (8.7%) | 4 (6.3%) | 0.268 |
| Duration of COVID-19 illness | 4 (1-8) | 3 (1-7) | 0.417 |
| Clinical symptoms | |||
| Myalgia | 34 (26.1%) | 26 (31.7%) | 0.433 |
| Fever | 66 (50%) | 40 (47%) | 0.577 |
| Cough | 77 (58.3%) | 40 (48.1%) | 0.109 |
| Sputum | 14 (10.6%) | 11 (13.1%) | 0.627 |
| Dyspnea | 87 (66.4%) | 57 (67%) | 0.922 |
| Chest pain | 29 (22.1%) | 9 (10.7%) | 0.066 |
| Pleuritic chest pain | 7 (5.3%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0.111 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Myocardial infarction | 12 (9%) | 20 (23.5%) | 0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 14 (10.6%) | 24 (27.9%) | 0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 13 (9.8%) | 26 (30.2%) | 0.000 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 4 (3%) | 12 (13.9%) | 0.003 |
| Stroke | 10 (7.5%) | 7 (8.1%) | 0.911 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 50 (37.8%) | 32 (37.6%) | 0.02 |
| Hypertension | 74 (56%) | 67 (77.9%) | 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 55 (41.6%) | 48 (55.8%) | 0.029 |
| COPD | 13 (9.8%) | 10 (11.6%) | 0.712 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 2 (1.5%) | 2 (2.3%) | 0.669 |
| Solid cancer | 14 (10.6%) | 10 (11.4%) | 0.852 |
| Hematologic cancer | 0 | 6 (6.8%) | 0.002 |
| Chemotherapy for cancer | 3 (2.2%) | 3 (3.4%) | 0.609 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 23 (17.4%) | 22 (25.8%) | 0.005 |
| History of organ transplant | 1 (0.7%) | 0 | 0.414 |
| Liver disease | 4 (3%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0.358 |
| Smoking | 31 (23.4%) | 7 (8.1%) | 0.009 |
| Alcohol abuse | 13 (9.8%) | 9 (10.4%) | 0.619 |
| Recent surgery | 4 (3%) | 10 (11.7%) | 0.012 |
| Hemodialysis or continuous renal replacement therapy | 3 (2.2%) | 9 (10.4%) | 0.011 |
| Any cardiovascular disease | 33 (25%) | 49 (56.9%) | 0.000 |
| Any cardiovascular risk factors | 50 (37.8%) | 32 (37.2%) | 0.887 |
| Rare causes of elevated troponin | |||
| Current burns | 0 | 0 | |
| Physical exertion | 0 | 2 (2.3%) | 0.08 |
| Recent ablation | 1 (0.7%) | 0 | 0.414 |
| Pacemaker | 4 (3%) | 5 (5.8%) | 0.328 |
| Cardioversion/ICD shocks | 0 | 0 | |
| Heart biopsy/open heart surgery/closure of ASD | 0 | 0 | |
| Biotin use | 0 | 1 (1.1%) | 0.219 |
| Infectious mononucleosis | 0 | 2 (2.2%) | 0.081 |
| Trauma | 1 (0.76%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0.77 |
| Physical examination | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm/Hg) | 128 (114-140) | 123 (111-150) | 0.789 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm/Hg) | 73 (64-80) | 70 (60-81) | 0.552 |
| Mean arterial pressure <65 mm/Hg | 2 (1.5%) | 7 (8%) | 0.018 |
| Maximum temperature (F) | 98.9 (98.3-100) | 98.8 (98.1-100.2) | 0.684 |
| Heart rate (beats/minute) | 90 (80-100) | 92 (80-109) | 0.074 |
| Respiratory rate (per minute) | 20 (18-24) | 22 (19-28) | 0.04 |
| Oxygen saturation (%) | 96 (94-97) | 95 (93-98) | 0.615 |
| Oxygenation device | |||
| Room air | 93 (70.4%) | 45 (52.3%) | 0.006 |
| Nasal cannula | 12 (9%) | 20 (23.2%) | |
| High-flow nasal cannula | 21 (15.9%) | 8 (9.3%) | |
| Jugular venous distension | 2 (1.5%) | 0 | 0.246 |
| Rales | 15 (11.4%) | 22 (25.8%) | 0.007 |