Fig. 1.

Surface microstructures of the coatings. A) Surface microstructures of the CFRPEEK before and after Ti-PIII and hybrid PDA@ZnO NPs (or PDA@ZnO-EDN1) treatment. B) Energy-dispersive X-ray mapping of the Ti-PIII/PDA@ZnO-EDN1 surface. C) Water contact angles and photographs of water droplets on different samples. D) Vickers hardness of different samples. E) Ti and Zn ions concentration after immersion for different time. F) The release of EDN1 protein after immersion for different time. G) Increased fibronectin adsorption on modified surfaces. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 when compared with Ti-PIII; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 when Ti-PIII/PDA@ZnO-EDN1 compared with Ti-PIII/PDA@ZnO.