Fig. 5.

Investigation of antibacterial effects. A, B) Confocal micrographs of bacteria cultured on samples for 12 h, the green fluorescence referred to live bacteria and red referred to dead bacteria. C, D) Numbers of bacteria colonies adhered to different groups for S. aureus and E. coli. E) ROS detected through detecting the decay of DPBF when incubated with different samples. F) S. aureus membrane permeability assessed by ONPG hydrolysis assay. G) Cellular ATP level of S. aureus reflected by luminescence intensity after different treatments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 when compared with Ti-PIII.