Fig. 7.

Multifunctional implants promoted vascularized rapid osseointegration in vivo. A) Characterization of implants and the surrounding bones by Micro-CT. B, C) Quantitative analysis of the percentage of bone volume to tissue volume (BV/TV), new bone mineral density. D) Angiography around implants by Micro-CT. E) Schematic view of the implant in rat femur bones. The red rectangular area indicated the histological observation region. F) Histological sections stained with Van Gieson's picrofuchsin solution. G, H) The statistical results of the percent of BIC and the area of newly-formed bones around the implants. I) The histological sections stained of CD31. J) Sequential fluorescent labeling observations. K) The statistical results of the fluorochrome area. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 when compared with Ti-PIII; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 when Ti-PIII/PDA@ZnO-EDN1 compared with Ti-PIII/PDA@ZnO.