Nanoparticle-functionalized hydrogels as wound dressings. (A) Effects of copper metal organic framework nanoparticles (HKUST-1 NPs) embedded in poly(polyethyleneglycol citrate-co-N-isopropylacrylamide) (PPCN) on chronic wound healing in vivo. (i) Images of wounds treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), PPCN, HKUST-1 NPs, or H-HKUST-1 (e.g., HKUST-1 NPs embedded in PPCN), and blood vessels observed after hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Quantification of wound closure (ii) and blood vessels (iii) in tissue sections of wounds treated with PBS, PPCN, HKUST-1 NPs, or H-HKUST-1. Reprinted and adapted with permission from Xiao et al., 2018 [175]. (B) Effect of quaternized chitosan functionalized with carbon nanotubes on wound healing. (i) Images of full-thickness wounds of mice treated with Tegaderm™ film (control), glycidyl methacrylate-functionalized quaternized chitosan without carbon nanotubes, and with 4 mg/mL carbon nanotubes (QCSG/CNT4) on days 5, 10, and 15. Scale bar: 5 mm. (ii) Percentage of wound contraction with the three different treatments (iii) H&E staining showed less inflammation and more vascularization after wound treatment with QCSG/CNT4 on days 5, 10, and 15. Reprinted and modified with permission from Zhao et al., 2018 [181].