Table 8.
Summary of other additives used in hydrogels for wound healing.
| Biomaterials | Additive | Functionality | Concentration | In vivo | Main result | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hyaluronic Acid |
Nonviral DNA pGFPluc & pVEGF |
Transfection | N/A | + | Enhanced granulation tissue formation. Improved wound contraction and collagen deposition in vivo |
[198] |
| Hyaluronic acid nanoparticles/GelMA | miR-223 | Transfection | miR-223 to Hyaluronic acid nanoparticles 1:325 (w:w) ratio 1.3, 2.5, and 5 (w:w) of nanoparticles in GelMA |
+ | Overexpression of miR-223* in j774A.1 Development of uniformly vascularized skin at the wound site |
[199] |
| Chitosan–collagen | QHREDGS peptide | Support keratinocyte survival and migration | 2.2 and 5.9 nmol | + | Enhanced wound closure, re-epithelialization, granulation tissue formation, and blood vessels formation | [201] |
| Polyethylene glycol-vinyl sulfone | K-peptide (Ac-FKGGERCG-NH2) Q-peptide (-AcNQEQVSPLGGERCG-NH2) RGD (Ac-RGDSPGERCG-NH2) |
Type 2 immune response activation | 500 μM 500 μM 1 mM |
+ | Improved wound closure, promoted hair follicle formation, and recruited type 2 immune cells | [202] |
| Alginate | ADSCs-derived exosomes | Improvement of fibroblasts functionality and synthesis and secretion of collagen and elastin | 100 μg/mL | + | Improved wound closure, re-epithelialization, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis in vivo | [203] |
| Alginate generating oxygen | CaO2 solution | Activating cell proliferation, wound remodeling, etc | Alginate: CaO2 = 1:1 | + | Promoted tissue infiltration, wound closure, and wound repair | [215] |
| NO-incorporated poly(vinyl alcohol) film/F127hydrogel | Nitric oxide (NO) | Triggering angiogenesis and inflammatory phases |
100 μM GSNO | + | Accelerated wound contraction and increased collagen deposition in vivo | [217] |
| Polyacrylic acid (PAA) | Carbon monoxide (CO) | Increased VEGF and anti-inflammatory effect | 1500 μM | + | Enhanced angiogenesis and by increase in VEGF mRNA in wound granulomatous tissues | [218] |
| Alginate | H2S | Vasodilation, angiogenesis | 0.5, 1, and 10% w/w, to the dry mass of alginate |
+ | Development of sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and full epithelialization without fibroplasia or inflammation | [231] |
| Zwitterionic dopamine methacrylamide hydrogels (ZWDO) | Sulfobetaine zwitterionic (ZW)- AgNPs | Nonsticking properties and Antibacterial | ZW: 12.5% w/v AgNPs: N/A |
+ | Inhibition of cell (MC3T3-E1) attachment. Antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and P. auregenosa due to AgNPs. Accelerated wound contraction and decreased inflammation. | [234] |
| N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan (nocs) | Fayalite (Fe2SiO4, FA) | Promoted angiogenesis | 0.5% w/v | + | Promoted angiogenesis and tissue regeneration | [235] |
| Heparin poloxamer | VEGF-producing Lactococcus lactis | VEGF production and M2 macrophage phenotype promotion | 1:100 | + | Improved wound closure, angiogenesis, and reduced inflammation in diabetic model | [232] |
| Quaternized chitosan (QCS) Polydopamine-coated reduction Graphene oxide (rGO-PDA) Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) |
Polydopamine-coated reduction Graphene oxide (rGO-PDA) | Strengthen tissue adhesiveness, endow antioxidant and photothermal properties | 1, 2, 3, 4 mg/mL | + | Assisted wound closure, antibacterial activity, drug release, more collagen deposition, less inflammatory response, more granulation tissue, hair follicle formation, and increased dermal gap. | [236] |