TABLE 1.
Patient characteristics and baseline variables
| Characteristics | Non‐POD(n = 28,795) | POD (n = 961) | p‐value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 70(67–74) | 73(68–78) | <0.001 |
| Sex (male), n (%) | 14,195(49.3) | 411(42.8) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg·m2 | 24.49(22.27–26.89) | 23.88(21.22–26.13) | <0.001 |
| Smoke, n (%) | 6659(23.1) | 262(27.3) | 0.003 |
| Alcohol, n (%) | 6217(21.6) | 228(23.7) | 0.123 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 13,808(48) | 502(52.2) | 0.01 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 6770(23.5) | 265(27.6) | 0.004 |
| Cardiovascular diseases, n (%) | 2786(9.7) | 123(12.8) | 0.002 |
| COPD, n (%) | 1117(3.9) | 90(9.4) | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 2801(9.7) | 143(14.9) | <0.001 |
| Parkinson's disease, n (%) | 116(0.4) | 12(1.2) | <0.001 |
| CKD, n (%) | 336(1.2) | 36(3.7) | <0.001 |
| Depression, n (%) | 125(0.4) | 13(1.4) | <0.001 |
| Non‐independent functional status, n (%) | 8389(29.1) | 428(44.5) | <0.001 |
| ASA, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| I | 344(1.2) | 7(0.7) | |
| II | 22,958(79.7) | 536(55.8) | |
| III | 5306(18.4) | 351(36.5) | |
| IV | 151(0.5) | 50(5.2) | |
| V | 36(0.1) | 17(1.8) | |
| Emergency surgery, n (%) | 753(2.6) | 112(11.7) | <0.001 |
| Type of surgery, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Hepatopancreatobiliary and gastrointestinal surgery | 9883(34.3) | 417(43.4) | |
| Orthopedic surgery | 8462(29.4) | 282(29.3) | |
| Urinary surgery | 2599 (9) | 64(6.7) | |
| Thoracic surgery | 2128(7.4) | 49(5.1) | |
| E.N.T | 1541(5.4) | 24(2.5) | |
| Vascular surgery | 1198(4.2) | 58(6) | |
| Stomatology | 1191(4.1) | 29(3) | |
| Gynecology | 984(3.4) | 24(2.5) | |
| Thyroid and Brest | 809(2.8) | 14(1.5) | |
| Anesthesia method, n (%) | 0.058 | ||
| General anesthesia | 23,842(82.8) | 807(84) | |
| General anesthesia combined with other anesthesia | 3430(11.9) | 111(11.6) | |
| Nerve blocks | 601(2.1) | 26(2.7) | |
| Epidural anesthesia | 536(1.9) | 7(0.7) | |
| Basal anesthesia | 386(1.3) | 10(1) | |
| Duration of surgery, log min | 130(85–195) | 166(114–240) | <0.001 |
| Duration of anesthesia, min | 180(130–245) | 220(165–294) | <0.001 |
| Blood loss, ml | 100(30–200) | 150(50–300) | <0.001 |
| Urine, ml | 200(100–500) | 350(150–600) | <0.001 |
| Crystalloid, ml | 1400(1100–2100) | 1600(1100–2200) | <0.001 |
| Colloid, ml | 1400(1100–2100) | 1600(1100–2200) | <0.001 |
| Blood transfusion, n | 3964(13.8) | 280(29.1) | <0.001 |
| Duration of SBP > 140 mmHg, min | 5(0–25) | 15(0–40) | <0.001 |
| Duration of MAP<60 mmHg, min | 5(0–10) | 5(0–20) | <0.001 |
Note: Data are mean (standard deviation), n (%), or median (interquartile range).
Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification system; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; E.N.T., otolaryngology head and neck surgery; MAP, mean arterial pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.