TABLE 5.
Summary of studies and recommendations/tools
| Behavior | Intervention/behavioral technique/model/tools | Setting/provider/patient group | Effectiveness/level of evidence/recommendations | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Practice | Tobacco use prevention 46 | Variety of approaches | Healthcare workers | Limited evidence |
| Smokeless tobacco use cessation 46 | Brief interventions, extensive interventions, CBT with and without the use of NRT, distribution of informative brochures | Dental | Good evidence | |
| Smoking cessation 46 | Brief interventions, extensive interventions, CBT with and without the use of NRT, distribution of informative brochures | Dental | Positive effect on quit rates, strong evidence | |
| Alcohol counseling 46 | Brief and extended interventions | Dental | Significant effect, moderate evidence | |
| Diet advice (fruit and vegetable consumption) 46 | One‐to‐one interventions, advice | Dental | Moderate evidence | |
| Diet advice (sugar consumption) 46 | Various form of dietary counseling such as advice | Dental | Limited evidence | |
| Physical exercise advice 46 | Brief interventions, physical exercise advice | Other healthcare workers | Short‐medium term effects, Limited evidence | |
| Management of diabetes mellitus 46 | Counseling | Dental | Limited evidence | |
| Improving oral health‐related behaviors 44 | Behavioral change interventions based on the use of GPS | Dental, periodontal | Effective | |
| Adherence to flossing 44 , 49 | Action‐control intervention, diary | Dental | Improvements in self‐reported flossing frequency and periodontal indices reported | |
| Oral hygiene and oral health behavior change 44 , 50 , 65 | Interventions based on MI | Dental, periodontal patients | Not consistently effective across studies | |
| Enhancing oral health status 47 , 50 | Psychological interventions based on CBT, HBM, TPB | Dental | Effective | |
| Psychological interventions based on SCT | Dental, periodontal | Not significant | ||
| Interventions based on CSCCM | Dental, periodontal | Improved oral health behavior, low certainty of the evidence | ||
| ITOHEP including MI | Dental, periodontal | Improved oral health behavior, low certainty of the evidence | ||
| Improvement of clinical periodontal parameters (plaque values, gingival, and periodontal inflammation) and psychological factors related to oral hygiene 48 | Interventions based on MI as an adjunct to periodontal therapy | Dental, periodontal | Low body of evidence further long‐term studies are needed | |
| Enhancing oral hygiene and oral health status 51 | Use of technology (mobile applications and text messages) for oral hygiene and oral health education | Dental, mainly orthodontic adolescent and adult patients | Effective, very low quality of evidence | |
| Education | Communication skills for students caring for patients with cancer 54 | Variety of communication approaches | Medical and nursing students | Difficult to assess because of heterogeneity of approaches |
| Communication skills training 53 | Variety of approaches | Dental undergraduate students | Variable quality of evidence | |
| MI training 55 | Training duration and content varied | General healthcare practitioners | Heterogeneous studies | |
| Interventions promoting empathy 56 | Variety of approaches | Medical students | More research is needed to inform recommendations |
Abbreviations: CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; CSCCM, client self‐care commitment model; GPS, goal setting, planning and self‐monitoring; HBM, health belief model; ITOHEP, individually tailored oral health education; MI, motivational interviewing; NRT, nicotine replacement therapy; SCT, social cognitive theory; TPB, theory of planned behavior.