Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by New York Heart Association functional class
| Characteristic | NYHA class II (n = 4713) | NYHA class III or IV (n = 1549) | p‐value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 71.5 ± 9.6 | 72.1 ± 9.4 | 0.029 |
| Age groups, years | 0.06 | ||
| ≤65 | 1151 (24.4) | 353 (22.8) | |
| 65–75 | 1835 (38.9) | 577 (37.2) | |
| >75 | 1727 (36.6) | 619 (40.0) | |
| Men | 2714 (57.6) | 802 (51.8) | <0.001 |
| Race | <0.001 | ||
| White | 3201 (67.9) | 1237 (79.9) | |
| Asian | 1065 (22.6) | 209 (13.5) | |
| Black or African American | 120 (2.5) | 39 (2.5) | |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 145 (3.1) | 44 (2.8) | |
| Other | 182 (3.9) | 20 (1.3) | |
| Geographic region | <0.001 | ||
| Europe and Saudi Arabia | 2079 (44.1) | 926 (59.8) | |
| Asia | 1030 (21.9) | 196 (12.7) | |
| Latin America | 978 (20.8) | 203 (13.1) | |
| North America | 626 (13.3) | 224 (14.5) | |
| History of AFF | 2573 (54.6) | 978 (63.1) | <0.001 |
| History of stroke | 415 (8.8) | 182 (11.7) | <0.001 |
| History of dyslipidaemia | 3069 (65.1) | 921 (59.5) | <0.001 |
| History of type 2 diabetes mellitus | 2070 (43.9) | 736 (47.5) | 0.014 |
| History of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 452 (9.6) | 240 (15.5) | <0.001 |
| History of non‐coronary revascularization | 115 (2.4) | 25 (1.6) | 0.06 |
| History of sleep apnoea | 334 (7.1) | 151 (9.7) | <0.001 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 1243 (26.4) | 396 (25.6) | 0.53 |
| History of hypertension | 4135 (87.7) | 1417 (91.5) | <0.001 |
| Prior HF hospitalization | 1709 (36.3) | 830 (53.6) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 2327 (49.4) | 837 (54.0) | 0.001 |
| Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease | 2613 (55.4) | 939 (60.6) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||
| Current | 363 (7.7) | 121 (7.8) | |
| Former | 1776 (37.7) | 485 (31.3) | |
| Never | 2574 (54.6) | 943 (60.9) | |
| Baseline body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.4 ± 5.9 | 31.1 ± 6.6 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index groups, kg/m2 | <0.001 | ||
| <18.5 (underweight) | 46 (1.0) | 8 (0.5) | |
| 18.5–24.9 (normal weight) | 1064 (22.6) | 279 (18.0) | |
| 25.0–29.9 (overweight) | 1633 (34.7) | 439 (28.4) | |
| 30.0–34.9 (class I obesity) | 1160 (24.6) | 414 (26.7) | |
| 35.0–39.9 (class II obesity) | 560 (11.9) | 238 (15.4) | |
| ≥40 (class III obesity) | 245 (5.2) | 170 (11.0) | |
| Time from diagnosis of HF to baseline | <0.001 | ||
| 0–3 months | 472 (10.0) | 96 (6.2) | |
| >3–6 months | 441 (9.4) | 151 (9.7) | |
| >6–12 months | 657 (14.0) | 185 (11.9) | |
| >1–2 years | 750 (15.9) | 245 (15.8) | |
| >2–5 years | 1151 (24.4) | 417 (26.9) | |
| >5 years | 1237 (26.3) | 455 (29.4) | |
| KCCQ‐TSS at baseline | 73.8 ± 20.6 | 58.4 ± 22.7 | <0.001 |
| Baseline LVEF, % | 54.5 ± 8.8 | 53.0 ± 8.5 | <0.001 |
| Pooled LVEF groups | <0.001 | ||
| ≤40% | 4 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 41–49% | 1500 (31.8) | 612 (39.5) | |
| 50–59% | 1704 (36.2) | 552 (35.6) | |
| ≥60% | 1505 (31.9) | 385 (24.9) | |
| Improved LVEF (prior LVEF ≤40%) | 918 (19.5) | 233 (15.0) | <0.001 |
| Baseline NT‐proBNP, ng/L | 943 [583–1591] | 1263 [764–2426] | <0.001 |
| NT‐proBNP in AFF, pg/ml | 1322 [938–2055] | 1642 [1042–2806] | <0.001 |
| NT‐proBNP when no AFF, pg/ml | 673 [455–1173] | 907 [532–1910] | <0.001 |
| Baseline ECG AFF | 1882 (39.9) | 761 (49.1) | <0.001 |
| Baseline systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 128.3 ± 15.5 | 127.9 ± 15.0 | 0.34 |
| Baseline diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 73.7 ± 10.4 | 74.7 ± 10.3 | <0.001 |
| Baseline HbA1c, % | 6.5 ± 1.4 | 6.7 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| Baseline pulse, bpm | 71.1 ± 11.8 | 72.6 ± 11.6 | <0.001 |
| Baseline creatinine, μmol/L | 101.5 ± 31.0 | 105.6 ± 31.2 | <0.001 |
| Baseline eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 62.0 ± 19.2 | 58.1 ± 18.7 | <0.001 |
| eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 2505 (53.2) | 686 (44.3) | <0.001 |
| Loop diuretics | 3482 (73.9) | 1328 (85.7) | <0.001 |
| ACEi | 1744 (37.0) | 551 (35.6) | 0.30 |
| ARB | 1746 (37.1) | 526 (34.0) | 0.027 |
| ARNI | 217 (4.6) | 84 (5.4) | 0.19 |
| Beta‐blocker | 3858 (81.9) | 1318 (85.1) | 0.004 |
| MRA | 1958 (41.6) | 709 (45.8) | 0.004 |
| Pacemaker | 477 (10.1) | 185 (11.9) | 0.043 |
| ICD | 82 (1.7) | 31 (2.0) | 0.50 |
Values are mean ± standard deviation, n (%), or median [interquartile range].
ACEi, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; AFF, atrial fibrillation/flutter; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor; ECG, electrocardiogram; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HF, heart failure; ICD, implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator; KCCQ‐TSS, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire total symptom score; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association.