Table 2.

Causes of exhaled carbon dioxide detection despite oesophageal intubation [12, 91].

No alveolar ventilation occurring

Prior ingestion of carbonated beverages or antacids Gastric insufflation of CO2 for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy Prolonged ventilation with facemask or poorly positioned supraglottic airway before attempting tracheal intubation Bystander rescue breaths

Some alveolar ventilation potentially occurring

Tracheo‐oesophageal fistula with tube tip proximal to fistula Proximal oesophageal intubation with uncuffed tube in a paediatric patient