Table 2.
Merits and Demerits of Different Methods for Isolating FNRBCs
| Technology | Key Features | Merits | Demerits | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional | Cell size; | Simple; | Low capture rate; | [32] |
| Cell density; | Low-cost to operate | Low purity; | ||
| Surface antigen | Low vitality; | |||
| DGC | Cell density | Simple; | Low purity; | [33] |
| Low-cost to operate | Pretreatment method | |||
| FACS | Surface antigen; | Fast; | Expensive; | [34] |
| Fluorescent fuels; | High purity; | High requirements | ||
| Flow cytometry | Sort multiple cells Simultaneously | |||
| MACS | Surface antigen; | Convenient; | Low purity; | [56] |
| Magnetic bead; | Less costly; | Not sorting multiple cells | ||
| Magnetic Fields | Wide application | |||
| Affinity lectin separation | Galactose residue; | Low cost; | Low purity | [44] |
| SBA | Simple; | |||
| High capture rate | ||||
| Microscope operation | Morphology of stained cells | Convenient; | Expensive; | [60] |
| For single-cell sorting | High demanding | |||
| Novel | Micro-/nanomaterials; | High sensitivity; | Few clinical applications | [64] |
| High throughput; | High capture rate; | |||
| Miniaturization | High purity; | |||
| High vitality | ||||
| Microfiltration chips | Cell size; | Not require biomarkers; | Cell clogging; | [85] |
| Cell deformability | Simple to operate; | Low purity; | ||
| High throughput | Low vitality | |||
| DLD microchips | Cell size; | Not require biomarkers; | Large blood samples; | [91] |
| Displacements and directions; | Simple to operate; | Cell clogging; | ||
| High capture rate; | Low purity | |||
| DEP microchips | Dielectric properties; | Simple to operate; | Electrodes easily electrolyze; | [92] |
| Inhomogeneous electric field; | For single-cell sorting | Generate some air bubbles; | ||
| Displacements and directions | Long sorting time | |||
| Acoustic chips | Cell size; | Non-contact manipulability; | Demanding equipment; | [130] |
| Acoustic contrast factors | High biocompatibility; | Complex sorting | ||
| Gentleness | ||||
| Droplet chips | Incompatible multiphase fluids; | Miniaturization; | High cost; | [144] |
| Micro-valve control; | Confinement; | Few clinical application | ||
| Micro-sized droplets | Parallelism | |||
| Immunoaffinity microchips | Surface antigen; | High capture rate; | Few clinical applications | [150–152] |
| Immunoaffinity | High purity; | |||
| High vitality | ||||
| Static nano-substrates | Surface antigen; | Easy to operate; | Non-specific cells adhesion | [30, 39, 154, 173] |
| Immunoaffinity; | High capture rate | |||
| Nanomaterials; | ||||
| Nanomembranes | ||||
| Dynamic nano-substrates | Surface antigen; | Reduce WBCs adhesion; | Microbeads easily cluster | [14, 28, 38, 170] |
| Immunoaffinity; | Simple and low cost; | |||
| Magnetic beads | High throughput |