Table 3.

Novel methods for microchips and nano-substrates

Methods	Sorting technology	Release	Efficiency /Count	Advantages	Disadvantages	Analysis method	Diagnostic outcomes	References
Physical chips	A microfiltration chip containing	Filtration	1.2/mL	Simple and low cost	Low purity	—	—	[83]
	micropores of different widths				Low vitality
	A cross-flow filtration chip	Filtration	Capture: ~ 74.0%	Simple and low cost	Low purity	—	—	[85]
					Low vitality
	A DLD chip with magnetic	Filtration;	37.44/mL	High throughput;	Chip clogging	PCR	Gender	[91]
	columns	Magnetic Fields		High purity			Identification
	A two-step cascade DLD chip	Filtration	1–396/mL	High purity	Reduce cell yield	PCR	Gender	[82]
	with RBC-positive enrichment	Magnetic Fields	Purity: ~ 87.8%				Identification
	A DEP chip containing	Electric Fields	—	Automation;	Long sorting times;	—	—	[92]
	electrodes, sensors,			Single-cell sorting	Low efficiency;
	and microchambers				Electrode contamination
	A BAW-based acoustic chip	Sound waves	Capture: ~ 40.64%	High biocompatibility;	High requirements;	PCR	—	[130]
				Mildness	Complex operation
	A droplet microfluidic chip with	Valves	Vitality: ~ 99%	High viability;	Not easily release cells;	FISH	—	[144]
	calcium alginate hydrogel			On-chip analysis;	Target cell loss
	particles			Single-cell analysis
Immunoaffinity chips	A hydroxyapatite/chitosan chip	In-situ	1420–3221/mL	Biocompatible;	Not release cells;	FISH	T13/T21	[150]
	modified with anti-CD147			High throughput	Non-specific cells adhesion
	A triangular micropillar chip	In-situ	Capture: > 90%	High capture rate	Not release cells	FISH/qPCR	—	[151]
	with CD71 antibody-labeled		5–35/2 mL
	A fishbone microfluidic chip	MMP-9	Capture: > 80%	Easily release cells;	Complex production;	FISH	T21/T13	[152]
	with gelatin and anti-CD147		Release: ~ 89%	High throughput;	Target cell loss		XXY/XXX
			Purity: ~ 85%	High capture rate;
			Vitality: > 90%	High purity
			3–24/mL
	A two-stage integrated-decision	In-situ	Release: > 85%	Single-cell analysis;	Not release cells;	FISH	—	[153]
	grading platform			High throughput;
				High recovery rate
Static nano-substrates	A polypyrrole nanoparticles	Voltage	Release: ~ 94.6%	Biocompatible;	Affect cell vitality;	FISH/WES	T21/T13	[30]
	the film with biotin and anti-CD147		22–58/mL	Easily release cells	Non-specific cells adhesion		/T18/XXY
							/Microdeletion
	Chitosan nano-substrate with	DTT	Capture: ~ 90%	Damage-free release;	Non-specific cells adhesion	FISH	—	[154]
	NHS-(S–S)-Biotin and		Release: ~ 90%	High recovery
	anti-CD147		Vitality: > 91.2%
			7–26/mL
	A "Cell Reveal™" platform	In-situ	14–22/4 mL	Automated system;	High demanding;	FISH/STR	T21/T13/T18	[39]
				Easy to operate;	Non-specific cells adhesion	NGS/aCGH
				On-chip analysis
	A coral-like in silico platform	In-situ	Capture: 88.1%	Automated system;	High demanding	FISH/STR	T21/T18	[173]
			Release: 90%	High capture rate;		NGS/aCGH	/microdeletion
			2–71/2 mL	Easy and low cost;
				On-chip analysis
Dynamic Nano-substrates	SiO2 microbeads modified with	Magnets	42–93/mL	Easy and low cost;	Not easily release cells;	FISH/PCR	ABO blood grouping	[28]
	SA and anti-CD147			High throughput	Low recovery rate
	Size-scaled silica spheres with	MMP-9	Capture: 81%	Enlarged the size;	Microbeads easily cluster	FISH/PCR	—	[14]
	gelatin coating and anti-CD147		Release: 80%	A harmless release;
			Purity: 83%	High recovery
			7–65/mL
	SiO2@MnO2 microbeads with	Oxalic acid	Capture: ~ 80%	Easy and low cost;	Microbeads easily cluster;	FISH/STR	—	[38]
	anti-CD147		6–32/mL	Biocompatible	Not easily release cells
	Magnetic nanoparticle coated	Magnets	Capture: 90%	Against WBC adhesion;	Not easily release cells	FISH	T21/T18/XXX/	[170]
	with a mixed membrane of		Release: > 80%	High capture;			XXY/XYY
	leukocytes and erythrocytes		Vitality: > 80%	High purity
			Purity:87%
			10–30/mL