Table 1.
Characteristics of mothers and their household according to place of delivery
| Delivery practice or condition | Place of delivery | Mean difference (95% CI); p value or RR (95% CI); p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Health Institution | Non-Institution | ||
| Mean (SD) [N] or No. (%) [N] | Mean (SD) [N] or No. (%) [N] | ||
| Age, years | 26.2 (6.7) [3462] | 27.5 (6.7) [479] | + 1.3 (0.6; 1.9); < 0.001 |
| Height, cm | 159.7 (8.6) [3795] | 160.3 (8.6) 514] | + 0.6 (−0.1; 1.4); 0.110 |
| Mid-upper arm circumference, cm | 26.4 (3.2) [3828] | 26.0 (2.7) [519] | −0.4 (− 0.7; − 0.1); 0.007 |
| Anaemic, Hb < 12 g/dl | 1474 (37.2%) [3964] | 202(37.8%) [534] | 1.01 (0.91; 1.23); 0.826 |
| Previously had had an HIV test | 2480 (62.6%) [3964] | 312 (58.4%) [534] | 0.91 (0.84; 0.97); 0.006 |
| Tested HIV-positive at trial enrolment | 563 (14.2%) [3964] | 106 (19.9) [534] | 1.39 (1.15; 1.67); 0.001 |
| Depressed a | 280 (7.1%) [3964] | 52 (9.7%) [534] | 1.36 (1.03; 1.80); 0.031 |
| Education, years of schooling | 9.6 (1.8) [3680] | 9.1 (2.0) [506] | −0.5 (−0.7; − 0.3); < 0.001 |
| Member of apostolic faith | 1694 (42.7%) [3964] | 298 (55.8%) [534] | 1.27 (1.17; 1.38); < 0.001 |
| Married | 3481 (87.8%) [3964] | 475 (89.0%) [534] | 0.99 (0.97; 1.02); 0.580 |
| Age at first marriage, years | 19.1 (3.7) [2300] | 18.6 (2.4) [287] | −0.51 (−0.94; − 0.07); 0.021 |
| Mother is primiparous | 537 (13.5%) [3964] | 35 (6.6%) [534] | 0.53 (0.39; 0.73); < 0.001 |
| Had a previous neonatal death | 106 (2.7%) [3964] | 16 (3.0%) [534] | 1.09 (0.65; 1.81); 0.741 |
| Had a previous stillbirth | 66 (1.7%) [3964] | 8 (1.5%) [534] | 1.00 (0.48; 2.06); 0.995 |
| Had a previous miscarriage | 181 (4.6%) [3964] | 27 (5.1%) [534] | 1.23 (0.83; 1.81); 0.297 |
| Household size | 4.9(2.2) [3732] | 5.0(2.3) [509] | 0.11 (−0.09; 0.32); 0.280 |
| Has a household latrine | 1349 (34.0%) [3964] | 132 (24.7%) [534] | 0.71 (0.61; 0.82); < 0.001 |
| Uses improved source of drinking water | 2290 (57.8%) [3964] | 262 (49.1%) [534] | 0.82 (0.76; 0.90); < 0.001 |
| Food insecure (CSI > 10)b | 639 (16.1%) [3964] | 102 (19.1%) [534] | 1.16 (0.96; 1.40); 0.119 |
aDepression defined as Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score ≥ 12 and/or suicidal ideation which has been previously validated by psychometric testing among Zimbabwean women (Chibanda D et al.: Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale among women in a high HIV prevalence area in urban Zimbabwe. Arch Womens Ment Health 2010, 13(3):201–206)
bCSI Coping Strategy Index (Maxwell D, Watkins B, Wheeler R, Collins G: The coping strategies index: A tool for rapidly measuring food security and the impact of food aid programs in emergencies. Nairobi: CARE Eastern and Central Africa Regional Management Unit and the World Food Programme Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping Unit 2003)