Table 1.

Standard and novel myocardial imaging biomarkers that showed diagnostic and prognostic value in the management of patients with degenerative valvular heart disease

	Myocardial imaging biomarker
	Echocardiography	CMR
Primary mitral regurgitation
Standard	LVEDD LVEF LA diameter LA volume PAPs RV dimension and function (TAPSE, FAC)	LVEDD LV volumes and EF LV hypertrophy/mass RV volumes and function
New	LV GLS LV mechanical dispersion LA reservoir strain 3D LV volumes	LGE (replacement fibrosis) Extent Location ECV (interstitial fibrosis) GLS
Aortic stenosis
Standard	LVEF LV dilatation LV hypertrophy Stress echocardiography	LVEF LV mass/hypertrophy
New	LV GLS LV myocardial work indices	LGE (replacement fibrosis) ECV (interstitial fibrosis) Amyloidosis assessment (including nuclear imaging) GLS T2 Perfusion for detection of epicardial coronary artery and/or microvascular disease
Aortic regurgitation
Standard	LVEDD and LVESD LVEF Stress echocardiography	LV volumes and EF LV hypertrophy/mass LV diameters
New	LV GLS LV myocardial work indices 3D LV volumes	LGE ECV GLS
Tricuspid regurgitation
Standard	RV dimension/area TAPSE FAC	RV volumes and EF RV mass RA area and volume
New	RV-PA coupling 3D RV volume and EF RV strain	LGE ECV RV strain

ECV, extracellular volume; EDD, end-diastolic diameter; EF, ejection fraction; FAC, fractional area change; GLS, global longitudinal strain; LA, left atrium; LGE, late gadolinium enhancement; LV, left ventricle; PAPs, systolic pulmonary artery pressure; RV, right ventricle; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.