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. 2022 Dec 31;12:22641. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-27300-w

Figure 5.

Figure 5

The anti-inflammatory effect of probiotic administration in a Leaky Gut Chip. (a) Probiotic co-cultures with either LGG (+ LGG, + Cytokines) or VSL#3 (+ VSL#3, + Cytokines) significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory markers such as p65 (magenta), pSTAT3 (cyan), and MYD88 (yellow) compared to the cytokine-challenged group (+ Cytokines) on Day 3. A germ-free control that was not treated with a cytokine cocktail was used to provide a baseline expression of these three markers (Control). The column charts (right) show the quantification of the paired image. The black, dark grey, light grey, and white columns indicate Control, + Cytokines, + LGG + Cytokines, and + VSL#3 + Cytokines, respectively. Bar, 50 µm. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. (b) The 3D reconstruction of z-stacked images that visualizes the spatial distribution of p65 and pSTAT3 on the inflamed leaky epithelium elicited by cytokine challenges in a Leaky Gut Chip. Nuclei and F-actin were counter-stained with DAPI and fluorescence-labeled phalloidin, respectively. Bars, 50 µm.