Figure 6.

Extracellular secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-8, at various probiotic co-cultures on Days 1, 2, and 3. The colored lines indicate the group of samples that we assessed (Grey, Control; Red, + Cytokines; Green, + LGG + Cytokines; Blue, + VSL#3 + Cytokines). Samples were periodically collected from the apical (AP) or the basolateral compartment (BL), then quantitated. The concentration of secretory cytokines in the presence of probiotics (+ LGG + Cytikines or + VSL#3 + Cytokines) was significantly lower than those in the cytokine-challenged group (+ Cytokines) across the treated days in both compartments (p < 0.05 or lower). The Control group was challenged neither by cytokines nor probiotics. The raw data were provided in Supplementary Table S2.