Table 1.
Maternal, Infant, and Childbirth Characteristics with Bivariate Associations with Infant Feeding Substance During Postpartum Hospitalization.
| Infant Feeding During Postpartum Hospitalization |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total sample (n=2401) |
Exclusive Mom's Milk (n=2152) |
Formula Supplementation (n=249) |
χ 2 (df) | p | |
| Maternal characteristics | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Relationship | |||||
| Married or civil partnership | 2205 (91.91) | 1981 (89.84) | 224 (10.16) | 5.60 (2) | 0.078 |
| Not married, living with partner | 139 (5.79) | 125 (89.93) | 14 (10.07) | ||
| Other | 55 (2.29) | 44 (80.00) | 11 (20.00) | ||
| Education completed | |||||
| Some college to doctorate | 2303 (95.92) | 2066 (89.71) | 237 (10.29) | 0.39 (1) | 0.50 |
| High School or less | 98 (4.08) | 86 (87.76) | 12 (12.24) | ||
| Race | |||||
| White | 2218 (93.00) | 1994 (89.90) | 224 (10.10) | 0.60 (1) | 0.427 |
| Other | 167 (7.00) | 147 (88.02) | 20 (11.98) | ||
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Hispanic/Latina | 142 (5.99) | 127 (89.44) | 15 (10.56) | 0.01 (1) | 0.887 |
| Not Hispanic/Latina | 2227 (94.01) | 1997 (89.67) | 230 (10.33) | ||
| Insurance status | |||||
| Insured | 2349 (98.04) | 2107 (89.70) | 242 (10.30) | 1.04 (1) | 0.329 |
| Uninsured | 47 (1.96) | 40 (85.11) | 7 (14.89) | ||
| Household income in the previous year | |||||
| Less than $75,000 | 1035 (44.17) | 927 (89.57) | 108 (10.43) | 0.02 (1) | 0.893 |
| $75,000 or greater | 1308 (55.83) | 1169 (89.37) | 139 (10.63) | ||
| Baby-friendly designated facility | |||||
| Yes | 1392 (57.98) | 1251 (89.87) | 141 (10.13) | 0.56 (2) | 0.761 |
| No | 362 (15.08) | 326 (90.06) | 36 (9.94) | ||
| Unsure | 647 (26.95) | 575 (88.87) | 72 (11.13) | ||
| Mode of childbirth | |||||
| Cesarean section | 396 (18.83) | 326 (82.32) | 70 (17.68) | 33.19 (1) | <.001 |
| Vaginal | 1707 (81.17) | 1569 (91.92) | 138 (8.08) | ||
| Gestational age at birth | |||||
| ≥37 weeks gestation | 2129 (88.86) | 1926 (90.47) | 203 (9.53) | 15.37 (2) | 0.001 |
| 34+0 to 36+6 weeks gestation | 239 (9.97) | 197 (82.43) | 42 (17.57) | ||
| <34 weeks gestation | 28 (1.17) | 24 (85.71) | 4 (14.29) | ||
| Infant received any care in the neonatal intensive care unit | |||||
| Yes | 235 (9.81) | 168 (71.49) | 67 (28.51) | 92.60 (1) | <.001 |
| No | 2161 (90.19) | 1980 (91.62) | 181 (8.38) | ||
Note. Missing value: Relationship other = Single (never married), divorced, separated, or widowed. Race other = Black; Asian; Native American, Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander; or other (please specify).