Table 1.
Characteristics of Subjects Categorized by the UACR
| Variable | Normoalbuminuria (N = 290) | Microalbuminuria (N = 190) | Macroalbuminuria (N = 175) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male/Female (N) | 154/136 | 103/87 | 94/81 | 0.971 |
| Age (year) | 59.04±10.63 | 60.23±11.39 | 61.13±9.66 | 0.111 |
| Duration of diabetes (month) | 91.46±82.16 | 115.81±88.60 | 138.33±90.09 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.91±3.29 | 25.09±3.57 | 25.25±3.05 | 0.560 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 126.89±13.45 | 128.03±10.65 | 128.97±10.50 | 0.181 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79.36±10.27 | 80.19±10.33 | 80.81±7.08 | 0.269 |
| WBC (×109/L) | 6.26±1.25 | 6.80±1.57 | 6.97±1.59 | <0.001 |
| Neutrophil count (×109/L) | 3.82±0.95 | 4.56±1.34 | 4.86±1.33 | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte count (×109/L) | 1.97±0.51 | 1.76±0.52 | 1.60±0.48 | <0.001 |
| Platelet count (×109/L) | 202.87±44.67 | 204.62±46.18 | 206.37±40.85 | 0.704 |
| NLR | 2.21±0.72 | 3.00±1.12 | 3.61±1.05 | <0.001 |
| PLR | 108.78±36.58 | 122.52±35.37 | 135.48±41.40 | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 62.12±13.07 | 74.94±13.30 | 89.34±16.38 | <0.001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 6.05±1.18 | 6.31±1.57 | 6.57±1.22 | <0.001 |
| Serum uric acid (μmol/L) | 305.35±60.99 | 308.09±60.24 | 312.75±72.41 | 0.483 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 102.26±12.40 | 96.75±8.84 | 76.65±6.68 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.40±1.14 | 4.50±1.39 | 4.60±0.89 | 0.191 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.89±1.04 | 2.05±1.21 | 2.39±0.96 | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.10±0.33 | 1.09±0.36 | 1.06±0.37 | 0.463 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.68±0.93 | 2.88±0.82 | 2.98±0.71 | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 8.54±2.32 | 8.76±2.06 | 9.12±2.04 | 0.020 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 8.61±1.88 | 8.88±2.11 | 9.10±1.88 | 0.030 |
| Metformin (%) | 61.0 | 61.6 | 57.7 | 0.710 |
| SGLT-2 inhibitors (%) | 22.1 | 26.8 | 29.7 | 0.164 |
| GLP-1 receptor agonists (%) | 5.9 | 7.9 | 8.6 | 0.494 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors (%) | 8.6 | 12.6 | 14.9 | 0.103 |
| Statins (%) | 28.3 | 30.5 | 25.1 | 0.518 |
| ACE inhibitors (%) | 11.4 | 21.1 | 28.6 | <0.001 |
| ARBs (%) | 7.9 | 29.5 | 37.1 | <0.001 |
Notes: P-value: ANOVA for continuous variables or the χ2 test for categorical variables. The numbers in bold indicate significance.
Abbreviations: WBC white blood cell, NLR neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, PLR platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, SGLT-2 sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide 1, DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4, ACE angiotensin-converting-enzyme; ARBs angiotensin-receptor blockers.