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. 2023 Jan 2;11:3. doi: 10.1038/s41413-022-00243-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — rFap accelerates joint symptoms after the onset of OA. a–c Safranin O/Fast Green staining in wild-type mice administered rFap or vehicle after DMM surgery. Weekly intra-articular administration of rFap (40 μg/kg body weight) or vehicle (PBS) was performed 4 weeks after DMM surgery in 10-week-old mice and continued for 8 weeks before paraffin sectioning and safranin O/fast green staining of the knee joints. Representative cartilage erosion (a, top: femur, bottom: tibia), subchondral bone thickening (b) and synovitis (c) images are shown (n = 7 mice per group). Yellow dotted lines indicate the subchondral bone plate. Arrows indicate the synovium. Scale bars: 100 μm. d–f Quantification of the OARSI score (d), subchondral bone thickness (e) and synovitis score (f). g, h Immunostaining of Col II in the knee joints (g) with quantification (h) (n = 6 mice per group). DAPI staining indicates the nucleus. Scale bars: 100 μm. The statistical significance was assessed using one-way ANOVAs with Tukey’s multiple comparison tests. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001)