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. 2023 Jan 2;8:3. doi: 10.1038/s41392-022-01225-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Scgn^+/− and scgn^−/− zebrafish show autistic-like behavior. a Schematic diagram of shoaling test. Inter-fish distance is recorded; b Scgn^+/− and scgn^−/− adult zebrafish (4 month old) displayed a significantly increased-fish distance in shoaling test, relative to their wild-type siblings. +/+:scgn^+/+; +/−:scgn^+/−; −/−:scgn^−/−. *p < 0.05. P-values were calculated using one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. c Frequency at different inter-fish distance in shoaling test. +/+:scgn^+/+; +/−:scgn^+/−; −/−:scgn^−/−. ****p < 0.0001, ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. ns not significant. P-values were calculated using one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. d Schematic diagram of two-sector social interaction test. Two stimulus zebrafish were placed in the left chamber. Border crossing is defined as moving from the interaction sector to the empty sector, or vice versa. e Heatmaps show that scgn^+/+ zebrafish displayed remarkable higher frequency close to the stimulus zebrafish than scgn^+/− and scgn^−/− zebrafish. Warmer colors (red) indicate a greater amount of time spent exploring by the zebrafish. f Frequency of test fish in the interaction sector. ****p < 0.0001, **p < 0.01. P-values were calculated using one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. g Frequency of border crossing between the interaction and the empty sectors. **p < 0.01. P-values were calculated using one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. h Schematic diagram of a five-chamber social interaction tank for the visually mediated social preference test (VMSP). i–k Heatmap of scgn^+/+ zebrafish in the adaption session (i), interaction session (j), and social novelty session (k). l–n Heatmap of scgn^+/− zebrafish in the adaption session (l), interaction session (m), and social novelty session (n). o–q Heatmap of scgn^−/− zebrafish in the adaption session (o), interaction session (p), and social novelty session (q). r Frequency in the interaction sector during the interaction session of scgn^+/+, scgn^+/−, and scgn^−/− zebrafish. **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. P-values were calculated using one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. s Frequency in the novelty sector during the novelty session of scgn^+/+, scgn^+/−, and scgn^−/− zebrafish. ****p < 0.0001, P-values were calculated using one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. All experiments were performed in three repetitions