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. 2022 Dec 19;13:1098212. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1098212

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Copyright © 2022 Denaro, D’Aprile, Alberghina, Pavone, Torrisi, Giallongo, Longhitano, Mannino, Lo Furno, Zappalà, Giuffrida, Tibullo, Li Volti, Vicario and Parenti

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic overview of the involvement of OECs in inflammation modulation after SCI. Neuronal damage induces pathological increasing of inflammatory responses, which promotes microglia polarization from a resting state to a M1-phenotype and astrocyte activation. OECs are able to modulate these inflammatory events by interacting directly or indirectly with microglia and astrocytes, thus ameliorating the detrimental condition of the altered microenvironment. OEC, olfactory ensheathing cell; SCI, spinal cord injury; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin; TGF-β, transforming growth factor β, IL-1Ra: interleukin-1 receptor antagonist.