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Schematic model of Cd allocation in rice mediated by DEF8. In roots, DEF8 is expressed in pericycle and phloem cells. DEF8 enables Cd efflux to the apoplast and xylem for long-distance transport to aerial parts of the plant. In the grain, Cd from the apoplast accumulates in the endosperm either by diffusion or active transport mediated by unknown transporter(s). DEF8–Cd indicates a hypothetical complex of Cd and DEF8. The figure is based on Figure 8 from Gu et al. (2022).
