Fig. 4.

Functional decellularized extracellular matrix in Cartilage and bone repair. (A) These findings demonstrated the ability of the SF-dECM 3BDP scaffolds to encourage chondrogenesis and cartilage regeneration in vivo. Adapted reprinted with permission from Ref. [237](License number:5,442,250,848,007). (B) Application of engineered tracheal cartilage for tracheal reconstruction. (i) Engineered tracheal images at the time of surgery, 2 weeks postoperatively, and 8 weeks postoperatively. (ii) Epithelialization was not evident at postoperative week 2, but by week 8, the epithelial layer was visible and not significantly different compared to that of the natural gas tube. Adapted reprinted with permission from Ref. [191], (License number:5,442,390,855,450). (C) Biological evaluations of mdECM hydrogel in vivo. (i) Pictures taken four weeks after implantation in CD1 mice. (ii) With time, a significant increase in the number of nuclei was seen. (iii) mdECM hydrogel acquired the typical shape of chondrocytes embedded in lacunae after 2 weeks in vivo, which was more evident in the highest concentration. Using toluidine O staining, it was evidenced that the deposition of GAGs had increased. Adapted reprinted with permission from Ref. [221] (License number:5,442,400,012,079). (D) MSCs have differentiated into osteoblasts. (i) After 21 days of osteogenic development, SEM scans showed calcified nodules. (ii) After 21 days in culture, electro spun scaffolds contain calcium and phosphorus. Adapted reprinted with permission from Ref. [229] (License number:5,442,400,497,756). Abbreviation：SF-dECM: silk fibroin and decellularized extracellular matrix, mdECM: from mesenchymal stem cells.