Figure 1.

The characteristics of PD-1^highCXCR5^– Tph cells

(A) Representative data of PD-1^highCXCR5^– Tph cells in each group (left), the proportion of these T cells among healthcare workers (HCs) (n = 55), non-ICU patients with COVID-19 (non-ICU) (n = 56), and ICU patients (ICU) (n = 36). One-way ANOVA with Dunn’s multiple comparisons tests were performed (right). Data are represented as mean ± SEM.

(B) Correlation between PD-1^highCXCR5^– Tph cells and plasmablasts in patients (both non-ICU and ICU, n = 51). Linear regression is shown with 95% confidence interval (gray area). Correlation statistics is two-tailed Spearman’s rank correlation test.

(C) Principal-component analysis (PCA) of RNA-seq transcriptomes (n = 3, patients with COVID-19). Based on the expressions of PD-1 and CXCR5, six subsets were evaluated.

(D) Heatmap of Tfh-related genes.²¹

(E) Clustered heatmap of 100 genes that were differentially expressed (left column) in PD-1^highCXCR5^– Tph cells compared with cTfh cells (PD-1^highCXCR5⁺ Tfh cells) (|log2FC| > 1, FDR < 0.05). The right column shows the log2FC.

(F) Representative data of CCR5 and CCR2 expression on PD-1^highCXCR5^– Tph cells compared with PD-1^highCXCR5⁺ Tfh cells.

See also Figures S1–S3.