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. 2023 Jan 2;11:1. doi: 10.1186/s40168-022-01406-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Overview of the statistically significant associations between microbial diversity and load and cognitive CANTAB outcomes. The association is shown between bacterial and fungal diversity indices (Chao1 richness and Shannon index) and Gram-negative bacterial, Gram-positive bacterial, and Fungal load and two cognitive CANTAB latency outcomes (Big/Little Circle (BLC) assessing attention and psychomotor speed and Delayed Matching to Sample (DMS) assessing visual recognition memory). Regression coefficients and 95% CI are given in units or as percentage change and expressed for an IQR increase in microbial diversity, or for 2-fold increase in microbial load. Diversity-specific IQRs are given in the x-axis. Models were adjusted for child’s sex, age, maternal education, time of examination, sampling duration, and urbanicity

Inline graphic — Overview of the statistically significant associations between microbial diversity and load and cognitive CANTAB outcomes. The association is shown between bacterial and fungal diversity indices (Chao1 richness and Shannon index) and Gram-negative bacterial, Gram-positive bacterial, and Fungal load and two cognitive CANTAB latency outcomes (Big/Little Circle (BLC) assessing attention and psychomotor speed and Delayed Matching to Sample (DMS) assessing visual recognition memory). Regression coefficients and 95% CI are given in units or as percentage change and expressed for an IQR increase in microbial diversity, or for 2-fold increase in microbial load. Diversity-specific IQRs are given in the x-axis. Models were adjusted for child’s sex, age, maternal education, time of examination, sampling duration, and urbanicity