Table 3.

Subgroups analysis results

Major Depression Disorder (MDD)
Subgroup	Categories	Random pooled ES (95% CI)	p
Time since displacement	(⩾5)	27 (16–37)	0.55
	(>1 < 5)	36 (20–51)
	(<1)	26 (11–42)
Diagnostic interviews	MINI	37 (28–46)	0.05
	Others*	26 (20–33)
Country categories	LMICs	47 (38–57)	0.001
	HICs	28 (22–33)
Risk of bias	Low	31 (24–39)	0.74
	High	34 (22–45)
Population	Probability-based samples	30 (21–39)	0.001
	Convenience samples	35 (23–46)
Recurrent episode of MDD (reMDD)
Time since displacement	(⩾5)	NP	NP
	(>1 < 5)
	(<1)
Diagnostic interviews	MINI	20 (9–30)	0.168
	Others*	10 (3–8)
Country categories	LMICs	NP	NP
	HICs
Risk of bias	Low	14 (5–22)	0.507
	High	18 (7–29)
Population	Probability-based samples	15 (8–23)	0.834
	Convenience samples	17 (4–30)
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Time since displacement	(⩾5)	35 (17–53)	0.908
	(>1 < 5)	31 (20–42)
	(<1)	27 (13–41)
Diagnostic interviews	MINI	30 (21–39)	0.961
	Others*	33 (23–42)
Country categories	LMICs	34 (17–52)	0.641
	HICs	30 (23–36)
Risk of bias	Low	30 (23–38)	0.757
	High	33 (19–46)
Population	Probability-based samples	28 (19–37)	0.001
	Convenience samples	34 (22–47)

^*Others: (CAPS, Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale; CIDI, Composite International Diagnostic Interview; DIS, Diagnostic Interview Schedule; SCID, The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM); MINI, The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview; (⩾5): people who have spent more than five years as refugees or asylum seekers; (>1 < 5): people who have spent between 5 years and 1 year as refugees or asylum seekers; (<1): people who have spent less than 1 year as refugees or asylum seekers; HICs, High-income countries; LMICs, Low middle-income countries; NP, The aggregate prevalence of random effects was not allowed due to the limited number of the sample.