TABLE 1.

Study eligibility and exclusion criteria based on the PICOS elements.

Inclusion criteria
Participant	All sex and age groups and socio-economically disadvantaged groups in developed and developing countries.
Intervention	Community-based participatory (CBP) interventions to improve food security and its dimensions, including (34–38). 1) Food availability, through:    ● Infrastructure development (e.g., wastage control, marketing strategies).    ● Agriculture and food security programs (e.g., monetary support for farmers, land assignment-security.    ● Food security capacity-building in agriculture and/or other food production).    ● Local vegetable gardening.    ● Policies and trade regulations. 2) Food accessibility, through:    ● Income-generation cash transfer schemes and opportunities to improve buying power;    ● Policies, vouchers, discounts, and subsidies addressing food prices;    ● Social environment and social support interventions, including social support from family, neighbors, or government. Food utilization, through:    ● Food literacy improvement regarding knowledge empowerment and skills building (e.g., Nutrition Education and Skills Training (NEST) program (37), interventions related to healthy food selections, cultural aspects that influence food utilization, choice, and allocation within the household).    ● Knowledge and skill-based education about food safety. 3) Food stability, through:    ● Improved production and productivity of agriculture in a sustainable method, including more comprehensive, more equitable access to inputs (e.g., seed, water, fertilizers, and credit) by smallholder farmers, including women farmers (73)
Comparison	All comparisons, including different educational interventions; various strategies of delivery, educational information, intervention dosages, or the like; ordinary care; with or without control groups.
Outcome	Outcome measures considered as the indicators of food and nutrition security dimensions were presented in Table 2.
Study design	Cluster randomized controlled trials (cRCTs), randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomized controlled trials (nRCT), controlled before and after studies, time series (ITS) studies.
Setting	Schools, homes, worksites, churches, and community (individual/household level).
Approach	Community-based participatory research approach includes the engagement of stakeholders in the following:    ● Monetary responsibility for grant funds;    ● Research method;    ● Building collaboration;    ● Preparation of measurement tools and data collection;    ● Development and performance of interventions;    ● Interpretation, dissemination, and applying the result.
Exclusion criteria	Irrelevant study design, including reviews, qualitative studies, conceptual documents and methodological articles, and    ● Irrelevant participant(s), including participants with specific diseases or conditions);    ● Irrelevant setting(s) (e.g., clinics and hospitals);    ● Irrelevant intervention(s), including interventions that addressed transient food insecurity (e.g., food assistance during wars and natural disasters);    ● Irrelevant outcome(s);    ● Publications not English.

PICOS, Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study design/Setting (32).