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. 2022 Dec 19;9:1028394. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1028394

TABLE 2.

Indicators of food security as primary outcomes of community-based participatory interventions to improve food security in developing countries.

Measurement approach Dimensions Food security indicators
Direct − ● Food insecurity
Indirect Availability ● Average dietary energy supply adequacy;
● Average food production value;
● Dietary energy source derived from roots, cereals, and tubers;
● Average protein source;
● Average source of animal protein.
Access ● Index of domestic food price index;
● Gross domestic product per capita (in purchasing power equivalent);
● Undernourishment prevalence;
● Food inadequacy Prevalence;
● Food deficit Depth;
● Share of food expenses of the poor.
Utilization ● Percentage of wasting under-five children;
● Percentage of stunted under-five children;
● Percentage of underweight under-five children;
● Percentage of underweight adults;
● Anemia prevalence among pregnant women;
● Anemia prevalence among under-five children;
● Vitamin A deficiency Prevalence (forthcoming);
● Iodine deficiency prevalence (forthcoming).
Stability ● Import-to-export ratio of foodstuffs;
● Non-violence/terrorism and political stability;
● Domestic food price volatility;
● Cereal import dependency ratio;
● Per capita food supply variability;
● Per capita food production variability.

Adapted from FAO, IFAD, and WFP (71).