Table 5.

Pairwise Comparisons of Quantitative NVA Results Measured by the PeekNV App and the Conventional Tumbling “E” Chart

Reliability/Repeatability	Examined Eye (n = 300)	Mean Difference	95% CI of Difference	95% LoA	Pearson Correlation Coefficient	95% CI of Correlation
App vs. chart	Right eye, E1	0.008	−0.005 to 0.022	−0.218 to 0.235	0.908	0.886 to 0.926
App vs. chart	Left eye, E1	−0.006	−0.019 to 0.007	−0.229 to 0.218	0.908	0.886 to 0.926
App vs. chart	Binocular, E1	−0.016	−0.027 to −0.004	−0.211 to 0.179	0.894	0.869 to 0.915
App vs. chart	Right eye, E2	−0.004	−0.016 to 0.008	−0.208 to 0.2	0.922	0.903 to 0.937
App vs. chart	Left eye, E2	−0.008	−0.02 to 0.005	−0.223 to 0.207	0.907	0.885 to 0.925
App vs. chart	Binocular, E2	−0.007	−0.017 to 0.004	−0.185 to 0.172	0.906	0.883 to 0.924
App vs. chart	Right eye, E3	−0.0005	−0.013 to 0.012	−0.216 to 0.215	0.908	0.886 to 0.926
App vs. chart	Left eye, E3	−0.004	−0.017 to 0.008	−0.223 to 0.215	0.897	0.8724 to 0.917
App vs. chart	Binocular, E3	−0.011	−0.021 to −0.002	−0.174 to 0.152	0.914	0.893 to 0.931
App vs. app	Right eye	0.034	0.021 to 0.047	−0.194 to 0.262	0.907	0.885 to 0.925
Chart vs. chart	Right eye	0.025	0.013 to 0.037	−0.18 to 0.23	0.899	0.875 to 0.919
App vs. app	Left eye	0.027	0.013 to 0.041	−0.214 to 0.268	0.892	0.866 to 0.913
Chart vs. chart	Left eye	0.028	0.017 to 0.040	−0.162 to 0.219	0.913	0.892 to 0.930
App vs. app	Binocular	0.014	0.003 to 0.025	−0.173 to 0.202	0.903	0.880 to 0.922
Chart vs. chart	Binocular	0.019	0.009 to 0.028	−0.148 to 0.185	0.905	0.880 to 0.922

Examinations 1 and 3 were performed by the same assessor (examiner), and examination 2 was carried out by a different assessor. App refers to the PeekNV smartphone-based digital application; chart refers to the Tumbling “E” Near Point Vision Chart. E1, first exam; E2, second exam; E3, third exam.