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. 2022 Dec 19;13:937211. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.937211

TABLE 7.

Linear mixed models: comparing across-culture versus within-culture effects for age and biological sex.

Across-culture (zero order main effect) Across-culture (main effect) Within-culture (age × nation interaction)
Age
 Threat 2.15 0.01 3.03***
Impacts
 Financial impacts 19.31*** 7.04** 3.00***
 Resource impacts 63.32*** 5.66* 2.54***
 Psychological impacts 193.51*** 20.93*** 3.30***
Experiences
 Personal 44.73*** 5.83* 3.79***
 Other 45.58*** 3.09 3.44***
 News 0.02 4.29* 7.38***
Government response
 Restriction 0.22 1.99 2.70**
 Punishment 8.40** 0.24 4.08***
 Reactance 0.62 0.66 5.22***
 Research 1.43 0.03 0.97
 Stimulus 1.36 0.32 0.77
 Informational contamination 5.84* 0.19 1.43
Biological sex
 Threat 111.59*** 2.88 3.34***
Impacts
 Financial impacts 0.10 0.46 2.26**
 Resource impacts 0.32 0.26 4.30***
 Psychological impacts 129.31*** 11.30*** 7.92***
Experiences
 Personal 4.62* 0.66 3.57***
 Other 14.11*** 0.42 2.83***
 News 20.41*** 1.14 4.50***
Government response
 Restriction 31.97*** 4.37* 0.78
 Punishment 0.10 0.02 5.09***
 Reactance 62.19*** 0.00 4.43***
 Research 9.95** 0.59 5.62***
 Stimulus 12.83*** 1.79 1.99*
 Informational contamination 0.80 0.05 4.40***

Numbers are F-values from linear mixed model tests. *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001.