Table 2.
Inclusion criteria The articles contain a system for running gait analysis using wearable technology Sensing modality used was a wearable accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer or a combination of those (IMU), or pressure insoles Included at least one clearly defined running gait outcome measure, for example: Spatiotemporal (global outcomes of the running gait cycle): e.g. running velocity, acceleration of centre of mass, distance, ground contact time, step length, step frequency (cadence), stance time and flight time Kinematics (description of segmental or joint movement, generally in the three cardinal planes: sagittal, coronal [frontal], transverse planes, without consideration for forces): e.g. ankle dorsiflexion angle, ankle angular velocity or ankle angular acceleration Kinetic (the action of forces in producing or changing motion): e.g. GRF, peak pressure, centre of pressure, braking, impulse, time to peak pressure, pressure time integral, loads, force time integral, contact area and peak tibial acceleration Articles were written in the English language |
Exclusion criteria Book chapters, review papers, case studies (i.e. a study examining one individual), letters, short communications, technical notes, conference proceedings and other non-peer-reviewed literature Studies evaluating the use of wearable technology for determination of step counts, distance, level of physical activity, classification or recognition of types of physical activity Studies focusing on the estimation of physiological measures (e.g. metabolic equivalents), maximal oxygen consumption, examination of external or neuromuscular load, stiffness, vibration and shock absorption of lower limbs Studies aiming to determine running power, stability or economy Studies investigating walking gait variability or regularity Studies not evaluating straight running (e.g. change in direction tasks or cutting manoeuvres) Studies investigating the use of biofeedback or gait retraining (i.e. non-natural running gait) Studies involving use of altered weight conditions (e.g. wearable resistance, anti-gravity treadmills or water-based protocols) Aims to evaluate only computer algorithms, machine learning or statistical approaches Studies evaluating robotic systems, exoskeletons, prosthetics, virtual reality environments and simulated data or models Study involves participants < 8 years of age Study concerns non-human animal subjects |
GRF ground reaction force, IMU inertial measurement unit