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. 2022 Oct 17;114(1):295–305. doi: 10.1111/cas.15597

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© 2022 The Authors. Cancer Science published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japanese Cancer Association.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Exosome extraction from bile and exosomal RNAs in bile. (A) Exosomes captured by the advanced glass membrane column device. Upper panel, Immunoblotting showing the CD9 expression in three independent bile samples of biliary tract cancer patients. Lower panel, Standard exosome markers, CD9 and CD63, were detected by a CD9/CD63 ELISA kit to quantify the exosomes. (B) Concentration of total RNA purified from captured exosomes in bile and serum was calculated using the discovery set samples (n = 20).