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. 2022 Oct 1;114(1):174–186. doi: 10.1111/cas.15587

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

CXC chemokine ligand 14 (CXCL14) gain of function increases glioblastoma tumorigenicity and progression. (A,B) Protein levels of CXCL14 in GBM8401‐lucGFP and GBM04T cells lentivirally transduced with control vector or CXCL14‐overrexpressing vector for 3 days. Error bars, SD within triplicate experiments. ***p < 0.001, compared with vector group. (C–G) Cell growth (C), viability (D), migration (E), invasion (F), and neurosphere formation rates (G) of GBM8401‐lucGFP and GBM04T cells with or without CXCL14 overexpression. Error bars, SD within triplicate experiments. **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001, compared with the vector group. (H) Western blot analysis of the stem cell markers (CD133, OCT4, and SOX2) in response to CXCL14 overexpression. (I) Bioluminescent images (BLI) of GBM8401‐lucGFP xenografts expressing control vector and GBM8401‐lucGFP xenografts overexpressing CXCL14 on day 15 after tumor implantation. (J) Mean BLI values associated with longitudinal monitoring of intracranial tumor growth for each group. Data are presented as means ± SD (n = 6–8). ***p < 0.001 compared to vector group. (K) Representative tumors derived from GBM8401‐lucGFP xenografts with or without CXCL14 overexpression showing tumor sections stained with H&E. N, normal tissue area; T, tumor area. (L) Quantitation of tumor foci for each group. Data are presented as means ± SD (n = 6–8). **p < 0.01 compared to the vector group